The federalization of trade politics in Switzerland, Germany and Austria

Figures & data

Table 1. Processes of trade policy federalization in comparison.

	Indicator	Switzerland	Austria	Germany
1	Trigger	Europeanization	Europeanization	Europeanization
2	Duration	ongoing since the 1990s	ongoing since the 1990s	ongoing since the 1990s
3	Transformative or reactive	transformative	transformative	transformative
4	Dynamic	continous	self-amplifying, heightened level of activity since 2014	self-amplifying, heightened level of activity since 2013
5	Intergovernmental mode	cooperation	cooperation and conflict	cooperation and conflict
6	Impact of sub-federal participation	high	low (cooperation in the ‘shadow of hierarchy’)	Modest-high (joint decision-making)

Table 2. Causal configuration of factors.

	Institutional resources	Preference intensity	Party politics	Social mobilization	Pattern of federalization
SWI	strong competencies, and intergovernmental capacities (since 1994)	moderate-high	weak	weak	continuous, cooperative and strong
AT	weak competencies, and strong intergovernmental capacities	high (since 2014)	moderate	temporarily high (2014–2016)	self-amplifying, cooperative and conflictual, weak
GER	moderate-strong competencies, and strong intergovernmental capacities	high (since 2013)	high	temporarily high (2014–2016)	self-amplifying, cooperative and conflictual, moderate-strong