Horizontal inequality as an outcome

Figures & data

Figure 1. Regional trend in educational attainment.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on the EIC dataset.

Table 1. Average years of schooling by population subgroup, selected countries.

	Nigeria		Guatemala		Brazil		India
	2003	2013	2000	2011	2007	2015	1992	2005
Gender
Female	5.48	6.67	5.18	6.91	9.61	10.57	5.42	6.37
Male	8.03	8.97	5.99	7.74	8.87	9.76	6.05	8.33
Difference	2.55	2.3	0.81	0.83	−0.74	−0.81	0.63	1.96
Location
Rural	5.43	5.77	3.55	5.43	6.94	8.62	4.99	6.17
Urban	9.01	10.37	8.22	8.99	9.66	10.4	7.83	9.34
Difference	3.58	4.6	4.67	3.56	2.72	1.78	2.84	3.17
Region
Most deprived	3.86	4.8	3.22	5.35	7.19	9.11	4.83	5.35
Least deprived	10.31	10.92	8.14	9.75	10.47	11.23	8.1	10.85
Difference	6.45	6.12	4.92	4.4	3.28	2.12	3.27	5.5
Wealth
Poorest quintile	3.03	1.73	1.99	3.66	6.63	8.46	2.9	2.88
Richest quintile	11.03	12.17	9.77	10.35	11.82	12.19	9.41	11.56
Difference	8.00	10.44	7.78	6.69	5.19	3.73	6.51	8.68
Ethnicity
Most deprived	–	1.11	2.65	4.76	7.83	8.37	–	6.11
Least deprived	–	12.06	6.7	8.32	10.61	11.39	–	13.28
Difference	–	10.95	4.05	3.56	2.78	3.02	–	7.17
Religion
Most deprived	4.78	5.55	–	–	–	–	–	-
Least deprived	9.92	10.5	–	–	–	–	–	-
Difference	5.14	4.95	–	–	–	–	–	-

Source: Authors’ calculations based on the WIDE dataset.

Note: Most and least deprived are defined as the unit of analysis with the lowest mean years of education vs. the unit of analysis with the highest mean years of education, accordingly.

Table 2. Correlations of different measures of horizontal inequality.

	Ethnic			Religious
	GCOV	GTheil	GGini	GCOV	GTheil	GGini
GCOV	1			1
GTheil	0.932	1		0.911	1
GGini	0.970	0.936	1	0.971	0.862	1
Observations		2,755			3,125

Source: Authors’ calculations based on the EIC dataset.

Figure 2. Trends in educational attainment and horizontal inequalities.

Notes: fitted values adjusted for time- and country-fixed effects.Source: Authors’ calculations based on the EIC dataset.

Table 3. Horizontal inequality measures by ethnic groups.

	1965		1975		1985		1995		2005
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
All countries
GGini	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.11	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.07
GTheil	0.06	0.08	0.05	0.07	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.02	0.03
GCOV	0.31	0.26	0.29	0.24	0.23	0.20	0.20	0.17	0.19	0.15
East Asia and Pacific
GGini	0.07	0.06	0.08	0.06	0.08	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.03	0.03
GTheil	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.00	0.01
GCOV	0.19	0.16	0.24	0.17	0.22	0.17	0.20	0.16	0.10	0.09
Europe and Central Asia
GGini	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.04
GTheil	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
GCOV	0.11	0.14	0.10	0.13	0.09	0.11	0.10	0.11	0.10	0.10
Latin America and Caribbean
GGini	0.09	0.10	0.07	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.02
GTheil	0.04	0.08	0.03	0.08	0.01	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
GCOV	0.26	0.27	0.21	0.27	0.14	0.16	0.09	0.06	0.07	0.04
North America (USA)
GGini	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
GTheil	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
GCOV	0.04	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.00	0.01	0.00
South Asia
GGini	0.18	0.12	0.21	0.12	0.17	0.10	0.14	0.09	0.14	0.02
GTheil	0.09	0.06	0.11	0.07	0.08	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.01
GCOV	0.42	0.24	0.49	0.24	0.41	0.21	0.33	0.20	0.33	0.06
Sub-Saharan Africa
GGini	0.18	0.12	0.17	0.11	0.14	0.11	0.14	0.09	0.12	0.08
GTheil	0.09	0.09	0.07	0.08	0.06	0.07	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.04
GCOV	0.42	0.23	0.37	0.20	0.32	0.19	0.29	0.17	0.26	0.15

Note: means over regions and using a five-year interval. Source: Authors’ calculations based on the EIC dataset.

Figure 3. Horizontal inequalities by ethnic groups.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on the EIC dataset.

Figure 4. Horizontal inequalities by religious groups.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on the EIC dataset.

Table 4. Changes in horizontal inequalities, 1960–2005.

	(GGini05 ˘GGini65) GGini05	(GT heil05 ˘GT heil65) GT heil05	(GCOV05 ˘GCOV65) GCOV05
By ethnic groups
East Asia and Pacific	−0.59	−0.74	−0.5
Europe and Central Asia	0.03	−0.24	−0.12
Latin America and Caribbean	−0.72	−0.95	−0.72
North America	−0.63	−0.93	−0.75
South Asia	−0.23	−0.54	−0.22
Sub-Saharan Africa	−0.35	−0.58	−0.40
By religious groups
East Asia and Pacific	−0.72	−0.86	−0.64
Europe and Central Asia	0.03	−0.21	−0.10
Latin America and Caribbean	−0.46	−0.61	−0.48
South Asia	−0.57	−0.84	−0.60
Sub-Saharan Africa	−0.61	−0.86	−0.65

Note: Regional means using five-year interval.

Source: Authors’ calculations based on the EIC dataset.