Economic Power Foundations of Cities in Global Governance

Figures & data

Table 1. Variable description and data source.

				Dependent variables
	Independent variables			TMN memberships		Sister cities
	Mean (std. dev)	Range	Data source	Mean (std. dev)	Range	Mean (std. dev)	Range	Data source
HQs			Csomós					iclei.org, uclg.org, C40.org, UK and Chinese municipal government websites
UK cities	4.80 (15.5)	1–71		.20 (.52)	0–2	6.50 (6.31)	0–26
Chinese cities	2.81 (5.72)	1–31		.30 (.58)	0–2	15.6 (16.5)	0–72
Combined	3.56 (10.4)	1–71		.26 (.55)	0–2	12.1 (14.2)	0–72
GNC
UK cities	.17 (.20)	.04–.96	Taylor	.29 (3.15)	0–2	7.70 (3.15)	2–14
Chinese cities	.10 (.14)	.004–.96	Ni et al.	.71 (.71)	0–2	24.1 (18.9)	0–72
Combined	.10 (.18)	.004–.96		.52 (.68)	0–2	16.7 (16.3)	0–72
NYLON
UK cities	−.20 (.17)	−.46–.07	Taylor
Chinese cities	.12 (.43)	−.62–.87	Ni et al.
Combined	−.01 (.38)	−.62–.87
Triad
UK cities	−.21 (.38)	−.65–.95	Taylor
Chinese cities	.49 (.47)	−.28–1.28	Ni et al.
Combined	.14 (.55)	−.65–1.28

Table 2. Corporate headquarters, transnational municipal networks (TMNs) and sister cities.

	TMNs				Sister cities
	UK cities	Chinese cities	All cities		UK cities	Chinese cities	All cities
HQs	.03 (.02)	.03 (.02)	.03 (.01)**	HQs	.01 (.02)	−.01 (.03)	−.02 (.01)
Sister cities	−.29 (.36)	.01 (.01)	.02 (.01)*	TMNs	.32 (.71)	1.02 (.34)**	1.09 (29)**
Constant	1.55 (3.18)	−1.01 (.73)	−1.85 (.52)*		1.78 (.23)*	2.28 (.16)*	2.12 (.14)*
AIC	22.3	36.5	54.3		124.6	243.1	365.4
Null dev.	5.21	10.9	16.3		23.5	56.5	82.1
Resid. dev.	1.75	3.64	5.83		22.7	38.4	60.9
Parameters	3	3	3		3	3	3
df	2	2	2		2	2	2

Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.

Levels of significance are denoted as follows: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 3. Global network connectivity, transnational municipal networks (TMNs) and sister cities.

	TMNs				Sister cities
	UK cities	Chinese cities	All cities		UK cities	Chinese cities	All cities
GNC	2.27 (.51)***	14.1 (6.17)*	17.1 (4.06)***	GNC	7.31 (6.65)	2.91 (2.04)	−3.03 (6.94)
Sister cities	−.01 (.03)	.01 (.01)	.01 (.01)	TMNs	−.01 (.25)	.28 (.07)***	.55 (.22)*
Constant	−.09 (.25)	.22 (.24)	.01 (.03)		1.91 (.11)	2.89 (.07)**	2.52 (.16)**
AIC	19.9	44.9	64.6		88.4	342.9	289.3
Null dev.	5.52	10.2	17.4		21.1	270.9	49.7
Resid. dev.	2.01	7.14	9.8		17.5	239.5	41.5
Parameters	3	3	3		3	3	3
df	2	2	2		2	2	2

Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.

Levels of significance are denoted as follows: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 4. NYLON, transnational municipal networks (TMNs) and sister cities.

	TMNs				Sister cities
	UK cities	Chinese cities	All cities		UK cities	Chinese cities	All cities
NYLON	1.51 (.61)*	1.13 (.25)***	1.50 (.60)*	NYLON	.22 (.58)	−.81 (.51)	−.26 (.45)
Sister cities	.01 (.01)	.01 (.01)	.01 (.01)	TMNs	.12 (.24)	.71 (.31)*	.66 (.26)*
Constant	−.94 (.41)*	.35 (.17)	−.83 (.31)		2.02 (.16)*	2.73 (.24)**	2.42 (.18)**
AIC	60.3	34.7	51.1		86.7	177.7	281.3
Null dev.	15.2	10.2	15.2		16.7	28.3	50.2
Resid. dev.	6.95	4.39	6.95		16.2	24.3	40.4
Parameters	3	3	3		3	3	3
df	2	2	2		2	2	2

Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.

Levels of significance are denoted as follows: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 5. Triad, transnational municipal networks (TMNs) and sister cities.

	TMNs				Sister cities
	UK cities	Chinese cities	All cities		UK cities	Chinese cities	All cities
Triad	1.03 (.29)**	.71 (.31)*	1.41 (.31)**	Triad	.21 (.33)	−.58 (.34)	.48 (.26)
Sister cities	.01 (.03)	.01 (.01)	.01 (.01)	TMNs	.10 (.21)	.34 (.26)	.08 (.24)*
Constant	.36 (.32)	.07 (.29)	−1.51 (.51)*		2.04 (.21)**	3.02 (.21)**	2.59 (.14)**
AIC	24.1	33.1	53.3		91.1	138.5	251.5
Null Dev.	5.52	6.11	30.1		20.4	19.8	40.1
Resid. Dev.	2.58	4.33	20.1		17.7	16.9	34.5
Parameters	3	31	3		3	3	3
df	2	2	2		2	2	2

Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.

Levels of significance are denoted as follows: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.