Life review and life story books for people with mild to moderate dementia: a randomised controlled trial

Figures & data

Figure 1. Consort flowchart of study.

Table 1. Summary of participants' demographic information.

	Randomised participants n = 23
	Life review group (n = 11)	Gift group (n = 12)	Fisher's exact test
Characteristics	n (%) or mean (SD)	n (%) or mean (SD)	Statistics sig.
Age	84.5 (6.7)	88.3 (6.0)	p = 0.18^a
Gender
•Male	n = 3 (27.3)	n = 4 (33.3)	p > 0.99
•Female	n = 8 (72.7)	n = 8 (66.7)
Marital status
•Married	n = 3 (27.3)	n = 2 (16.7))	p = 0.64
•Widowed	n = 8 (72.7)	n = 10 (83.3)
Length of stay (months)	26.5 (9.0)	24.5 (10.2)	p = 0.56^a
CDR
•Mild	n = 5 (45.5)	n = 6 (50.0)	p > 0.99
•Moderate	n = 6 (54.5)	n = 6 (50.0)
Medication
(i) Antidepressants
•Yes	n = 3 (27.3)	n = 3 (25.0)	p > 0.99
•No	n = 8 (72.7)	n = 9 (75.0)
(ii) Antipsychotics
•Yes	n = 2 (18.2)	n = 1 (8.3)	p = 0.59
•No	n = 9 (81.8)	n = 11 (91.7)
(iii) Anxiolytics
•Yes	n = 1 (9.1)	n = 2 (16.7)	p > 0.99
•No	n = 10 (90.9)	n = 10 (83.3)
(iv) AChEIs
•Yes	n = 3 (27.3)	n = 3 (25.0)	p > 0.99
•No	n = 8 (72.7)	n = 9 (75.0)

^aIndependent samples t-test.

Table 2. Intervention outcomes: the effect of life review and life story book.

	Baseline	Post-intervention		ANCOVA	6-week follow-up from post-intervention	ANCOVA
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	n	F(1, 20), p value	Mean (SD)	F(1, 20), p value
QOL–AD
Life review	30.1 (8.5)	36.9 (6.9)	11	5.11, p = 0.035*	36.1 (7.8)	0.08, p = 0.77
Gift	35.7 (2.5)	35.5 (4.7)	12		38.6 (3.8)
+GDS-12R
Life review	4.7 (3.1)	4.3 (3.7)	11	0.93, p = 0.34	3.5 (2.7)	0.14, p = 0.71
Gift	2.6 (1.4)	2.5 (1.8)	12		2.7 (1.7)
AMI-E
•PSS
Life review	31.0 (19.7)	36.3 (21.6)	11	14.01, p = 0.001*	35.4 (19.4)	3.98, p = 0.060
Gift	36.7 (15.5)	28.9 (18.3)	12		33.3 (16.6)
•+AIS
Life review	3.4 (2.8)	8.2 (8.2)	11	10.12, p = 0.005*	6.6 (5.4)	0.50, p = 0.49
Gift	6.5 (4.4)	5.8 (4.1)	12		8.6 (6.6)
•AMI total
Life review	34.4 (22.0)	44.5 (28.5)	11	19.92, p < 0.001*	42.0 (23.5)	2.92, p = 0.10
Gift	43.2 (19.1)	34.7 (21.3)	12		42.0 (22.4)
QCPR (participant)
•Warmth
Life review	32.4 (1.0)	32.3 (2.3)	11	2.56, p = 0.13	33.5 (2.3)	4.51, p = 0.046*
Gift	32.2 (1.0)	31.2 (1.7)	12		31.6 (2.1)
•+Conflict
Life review	23.5 (0.8)	21.5 (2.1)	11	0.43, p = 0.52	22.0 (2.1)	1.40, p = 0.25
Gift	22.8 (1.7)	22.3 (1.2)	12		22.5 (3.6)
QCPR (relative)
•Warmth
Life review	34.3 (3.9)	35.2 (3.7)	11	0.21, p = 0.65	37.5 (3.0)	0.08, p = 0.78
Gift	34.8 (4.6)	34.5 (4.6)	12		37.9 (2.6)
•Conflict
Life review	21.1 (4.7)	22.3 (4.1)	11	0.120, p = 0.73	26.8 (4.1)	0.03, p = 0.87
Gift	23.3 (3.3)	24.3 (5.2)	12		27.9 (2.2)

+Where assumption was violated, the variables were transformed to repeat ANCOVA analysis. However, untransformed mean/SD reported.

*Significant results.

Table 3. Quality of caregiving relationship (relative).

Time period
		Time 1 (baseline)	Time 2 (post-life review)	Time 3 (6-weeks follow-up)		Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction p value
Measures	n	(Mean/SD)	(Mean/SD)	(Mean/SD)	ANOVA	(T1vs.T2)	(T1 vs.T3)	(T2 vs.T3)
QCPR: total	23	56.83 (5.49)	58.17 (7.44)	65.13 (5.40)	F(2, 39) = 19.37, p < 0.001	p > 0.99	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
QCPR: warmth	23	34.57 (4.18)	34.87 (4.07)	37.74 (2.73)	F(2, 39) = 7.16, p = 0.003	p > 0.99	p = 0.013	p = 0.003
QCPR: conflict	23	22.26 (4.11)	23.30 (4.74)	27.39 (3.23)	F(2, 35) = 16.21, p < 0.001	p = 0.76	p < 0.001	p = 0.005

Table 4. Care home staff attitudes and knowledge.

Time period
		Time 1 (baseline)	Time 2 (post-intervention)	Time 3 (6-weeks follow-up)		Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction p value
Measures	n	(Mean/SD)	(Mean/SD)	(Mean/SD)	ANOVA	(T1 vs. T2)	(T1 vs. T3)	(T2 vs.T3)
ADQ: total	46	73.54 (10.50)	73.74 (9.23)	80.07 (8.65)	F(2, 74) = 14.31, p < 0.001	p > 0.99	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
ADQ: hopefulness	46	26.72 (5.16)	27.00 (4.88)	31.09 (5.55)	F(2, 84) = 19.38, p < 0.001	p > 0.99	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
ADQ: person-centred	46	46.83 (6.82)	46.74 (6.06)	48.99 (4.65)	F(2, 74) = 3.92, p = 0.035	p > 0.99	p = 0.11	p = 0.001
Knowledge: correct	68	5.93 (3.77)	6.28 (4.14)	8.79 (5.31)	F(2, 120) = 14.31, p < 0.001	p > 0.99	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
Knowledge: don't know*	68	5.41 (3.68)	4.12 (3.33)	1.78 (2.25)	F(2, 115) = 31.65, p < 0.001	p = 0.025	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
Knowledge: incorrect*	68	2.01 (2.37)	1.54 (1.83)	0.32 (0.68)	F(2, 119) = 24.88, p < 0.001	p = 0.27	p < 0.001	p < 0.001

*Lower scores indicate improvement.