Gendered work-family trajectories and depression at older age

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample description (n = 3019).

	Men		Women
	n or (mean)	Col% or (SD)	n or (mean)	Col% or (SD)
Age (no missings)	(68.8)	(7.3)	(68.6)	(7.3)
Education (missing: 3)
Low	55	3.7	199	13.0
Medium	650	43.9	1010	65.7
High	775	52.4	327	21.3
Income (missing: 155)
Low	393	27.5	568	39.7
Medium	509	35.5	454	31.7
High	530	37.0	410	28.6
Marital status (missing: 2)
Married	1238	83.6	935	60.8
Single (Never Married)	57	3.8	96	6.3
Divorced	88	6.0	152	9.9
Widowed	97	6.6	354	23.0
Children (no missings)
No	218	14.7	259	16.9
Yes	1264	85.3	1278	83.1
Depression
CES-D (missing: 116)	(6.4)	(5.4)	(8.2)	(6.6)
Medication (no missings)
No	1416	95.5	1385	90.1
Yes	66	4.5	152	9.9
Total	1482	100.0	1537	100.0

Table 2. Characteristics of work-family trajectories, n = 3019.

	Men (n = 1482)		Women (n = 1537)		Total
	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)
Average duration (years) spent in…
Non-employment, no children <7	2.39	(3.97)	7.11	(7.25)	4.79	(6.33)
Part-time work, no children <7	0.44	(2.48)	4.34	(6.80)	2.43	(5.51)
Full-time work, no children <7	19.98	(6.36)	11.48	(9.52)	15.65	(9.17)
Non-employment, with children <7	0.29	(1.39)	5.11	(4.78)	2.74	(4.29)
Part-time work, with children <7	0.13	(1.06)	1.03	(2.50)	0.58	(1.98)
Full-time work, with children <7	7.77	(4.80)	1.93	(3.19)	4.80	(5.00)
Average number of spells	3.54	(1.34)	4.26	(1.76)	3.91	(1.60)
Shannon's Entropy	0.97	(0.43)	1.33	(0.57)	1.15	(0.54)

Figure 1. Chronograms by cluster of work-family trajectories for men (n = 1482) and women (n = 1537).

Table 3. Multivariate regression estimates for depressive symptoms for men: unstandardized regression coefficients (b), confidence intervals (CI 95%) and p-values.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	b	CI 95%	p-value	b	CI 95%	p-value	b	CI 95%	p-value
Cluster
1 FT work, no children	0.35	(–0.57/1.27)	0.454	–0.22	(–1.16/0.72)	0.650	–0.11	(–1.04/0.83)	0.819
2 FT work, early children	0.79	(–0.08/1.65)	0.075	0.53	(–0.33/1.39)	0.230	0.54	(–0.32/1.40)	0.217
3 FT work, children	0.24	(–0.67/1.14)	0.605	0.08	(–0.82/0.98)	0.861	0.05	(–0.84/0.94)	0.914
4 FT work, late children	0.68	(–0.29/1.64)	0.168	0.55	(–0.40/1.50)	0.256	0.56	(–0.39/1.51)	0.246
5 FT work, many children	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
6 Unstable work, children	1.16	(–0.21/2.52)	0.096	0.65	(–0.70/2.01)	0.345	0.52	(–0.83/1.86)	0.453
Education
Low				Ref.	.	.	Ref.	.	.
Medium				–0.87	(–2.39/0.65)	0.260	–0.71	(–2.23/0.80)	0.356
High				–1.72	(–3.23/–0.20)	0.026	–1.13	(–2.66/0.40)	0.149
Marital Status
Married				Ref.	.		Ref.	.	.
Single				2.56	(1.04/4.08)	0.001	2.28	(0.76/3.79)	0.003
Divorced				2.59	(1.41/3.78)	0.000	2.72	(1.54/3.90)	0.000
Widowed				2.08	(0.91/3.25)	0.001	2.44	(1.26/3.62)	0.000
Income
Low							Ref.	.
Medium							–1.14	(–1.86/–0.41)	0.002
High							–1.68	(–2.46/–0.90)	0.000
Observations		1374			1374			1374
Adjusted R²		0.01			0.04			0.05
F (df), p-value		3.11 (7)	0.003		6.09 (12)	0.000		6.61 (14)	0.000

Note: All models are additionally adjusted for age and age squared, and participants with early depression are excluded.

Table 4. Multivariate logistic regression estimates for antidepressant use for men: Odds Ratios (OR), confidence intervals (CI 95%) and p-values.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	OR	CI 95%	p-value	OR	CI 95%	p-value	OR	CI 95%	p-value
Cluster
1 FT work, no children	0.66	(0.26/1.67)	0.383	0.60	(0.24/1.54)	0.291	0.62	(0.24/1.58)	0.318
2 FT work, early children	0.97	(0.46/2.06)	0.944	0.90	(0.42/1.92)	0.782	0.90	(0.42/1.92)	0.783
3 FT work, children	0.68	(0.29/1.60)	0.374	0.62	(0.26/1.47)	0.274	0.62	(0.26/1.47)	0.276
4 FT work, later children	1.35	(0.62/2.93)	0.454	1.33	(0.61/2.91)	0.472	1.37	(0.63/3.01)	0.430
5 FT work, many children	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
6 Unstable work, children	0.60	(0.13/2.71)	0.508	0.56	(0.12/2.53)	0.450	0.55	(0.12/2.50)	0.439
Education
Low				Ref.			Ref.
Medium				1.25	(0.29/5.42)	0.765	1.36	(0.31/5.93)	0.681
High				0.82	(0.19/3.60)	0.795	1.08	(0.24/4.86)	0.919
Marital Status
Married				Ref.			Ref.
Single				^a			^a
Divorced				1.25	(0.48/3.30)	0.646	1.33	(0.50/3.52)	0.564
Widowed				2.30	(0.97/5.45)	0.058	2.69	(1.12/6.46)	0.027
Income
Low							Ref.
Medium							0.84	(0.45/1.59)	0.601
High							0.48	(0.23/1.02)	0.055
Observations		1367			1367			1367
Pseudo R²		0.01			0.02			0.03
C-index		.573			.611			.628

Note: All models are additionally adjusted for age and age squared, and participants with early depression are excluded.

^ano observations for the outcome

Table 5. Multivariate regression estimates for depressive symptoms for women: unstandardized regression coefficients (b), confidence intervals (CI 95%) and p-values.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	b	CI 95%	p-value	b	CI 95%	p-value	b	CI 95%	p-value
Cluster
1 FT work, no children	0.12	(–1.03/1.28)	0.833	–0.12	(–1.40/1.17)	0.860	0.04	(–1.24/1.32)	0.949
2 FT work, children	0.72	(–0.37/1.80)	0.196	0.80	(–0.30/1.89)	0.153	0.88	(–0.21/1.98)	0.113
3 Re-entry in FT work, children	1.68	(0.49/2.86)	0.006	1.23	(0.03/2.43)	0.044	1.30	(0.10/2.50)	0.033
4 Re-entry in PT work, children	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
5 PT work, children	0.34	(–0.73/1.41)	0.534	0.34	(–0.73/1.40)	0.535	0.39	(–0.67/1.45)	0.470
6 No work, early children	0.95	(–0.30/2.19)	0.136	0.70	(–0.54/1.94)	0.270	0.62	(–0.62/1.85)	0.328
Education
Low				Ref.			Ref.
Medium				–0.94	(–2.06/0.17)	0.097	–0.78	(–1.89/0.34)	0.172
High				–2.49	(–3.82/–1.16)	0.000	–2.08	(–3.45/–0.70)	0.003
Marital Status
Married				Ref.			Ref.
Single				1.48	(–0.11/3.08)	0.069	1.44	(–0.16/3.03)	0.078
Divorced				2.00	(0.80/3.20)	0.001	1.89	(0.69/3.09)	0.002
Widowed				1.23	(0.29/2.16)	0.010	1.32	(0.38/2.25)	0.006
Income
Low							Ref.
Medium							–1.09	(–1.93/–0.25)	0.011
High							–1.13	(–2.05/–0.21)	0.016
Observations		1352			1352			1352
Adjusted R²		0.02			0.04			0.05
F (df), p-value		5.31 (7)	0.000		5.93 (12)	0.000		5.71 (14)	0.000

Note: All models are additionally adjusted for age and age squared, and participants with early depression are excluded.

Table 6. Multivariate logistic regression estimates for antidepressant use for women: Odds Ratios (OR), confidence intervals (CI 95%) and p-values

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	OR	CI 95%	p-value	OR	CI 95%	p-value	OR	CI 95%	p-value
Cluster
1 FT work, no children	0.73	(0.39/1.37)	0.330	0.86	(0.44/1.72)	0.677	0.97	(0.48/1.95)	0.935
2 FT work, children	0.76	(0.43/1.35)	0.355	0.77	(0.43/1.38)	0.383	0.82	(0.46/1.47)	0.501
3 Re-entry in FT work, children	1.91	(1.15/3.15)	0.012	1.75	(1.04/2.94)	0.034	1.78	(1.06/3.01)	0.030
4 Re-entry in PT work, children	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
5 PT work, children	0.69	(0.38/1.24)	0.215	0.70	(0.39/1.26)	0.235	0.71	(0.39/1.28)	0.252
6 No work, early children	1.09	(0.60/1.97)	0.775	1.06	(0.59/1.93)	0.841	1.03	(0.56/1.88)	0.927
Education
Low				Ref.			Ref.
Medium				1.11	(0.65/1.91)	0.706	1.21	(0.70/2.10)	0.485
High				0.72	(0.36/1.45)	0.354	0.99	(0.48/2.03)	0.981
Marital Status
Married				Ref.			Ref.
Single				0.70	(0.25/1.95)	0.497	0.68	(0.24/1.92)	0.471
Divorced				1.43	(0.82/2.49)	0.203	1.35	(0.77/2.36)	0.288
Widowed				1.61	(1.04/2.51)	0.034	1.74	(1.12/2.71)	0.015
Income
Low							Ref.
Medium							0.68	(0.46/1.03)	0.068
High							0.39	(0.23/0.66)	0.000
Observations		1413			1413			1413
Pseudo R²		0.02			0.03			0.04
C-index		0.587			0.616			0.649

Note: All models are additionally adjusted for age and age squared, and participants with early depression are excluded.