In-home dementia caregiving is associated with greater psychological burden and poorer mental health than out-of-home caregiving: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Caregiver outcomes (N = 495) of live-in (n = 240) and live-elsewhere (n = 255) in means and SD.

Outcome	Total sample	Live-in Caregivers	Live-elsewhere	p*	MD (95% CI)
Zarit	29.23 ± 16.35	31.68 ± 17.17	26.92 ± 15.21	.0012	4.76 (1.91, 7.61)
Negative appraisal caring^a	14.20 ± 8.17	15.88 ± 8.19	12.61 ± 7.84	<.0001	3.27 (1.86, 4.68)
Adequacy ^a	3.63 ± 3.03	3.37 ± 2.94	3.87 ± 3.10	.068	−0.5 (−1.03, 0.03)
Burden strain^a	7.21 ± 5.97	7.68 ± 6.34	6.77 ± 5.59	.091	0.91 (−0.14, 1.96)
CES-D-10	9.80 ± 6.74	10.94 ± 6.42	8.73 ± 6.87	.00025	2.21 (1.04, 3.38)
STAI-6	40.55 ± 14.99	41.45 ± 14.69	39.71 ± 15.25	.199	1.74 (−0.90, 4.38)

* Students t-test.

^a Subscales for the ‘Zarit summary score’: higher scores on the Adequacy Scale and Negative Appraisal Scale indicate lower levels of adequacy and greater negative appraisal, respectively.

MD: mean difference; SD: standard deviation; CES-D-10: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; STAI-6: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Alpha level = 0.05.

Values in bold indicate that the p value is below the alpa level.

Figure 1. Mean difference in Edges’s g between between live-in and live-elsewhere caregivers on each outcome. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. The horizontal stagged line represents the line of no difference at an alpha level of .05. Live-in caregivers are on the right side of the horizontal line whereas live-eslewhere caregivers are on the left side.

Table 2. Linear mixed-effects regression models examining the relationship between caregivers’ status and each outcome.[Q]

	Zarit summary			CES-D-10 summary			STAI-6 summary
	Estimate (β)	SE	p	Estimate (β)	SE	p	Estimate (β)	SE	p
Carer status (Live-elsewhere)	−17.393	8.089	.032	−2.628	0.694	.0002	−1.731	1.348	.199
Covariate:
Carer age	−0.412	0.189	.030	−0.061	0.095	.522	−0.110	0.212	.605
SMMSE summary scores	−0.223	0.507	.660	−0.170	0.210	.419	−0.339	0.472	.473
Interactions:
Carer age*Carer status	0.176	0.132	1.332	−0.005	0.055	.928	−0.092	0.123	.456
Carer age*SMMSE score	0.001	0.008	.874	0.002	0.003	.528	0.007	0.007	.341
Model fit indices:	R^2 = 0.033, F = 4.344, RSE = 16.08			R^2 = 0.022, F = 3.242, RSE = 0.022			R^2 = 0.005, F = 1.474, RSE = 14.96

SE: standard error; SMMSE: Standardized Mini–Mental State Examination; CES-D-10: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; STAI-6: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; RSE: relative standard error.

Alpha level = 0.05.

Values in bold indicate that the p value is below the alpa level.