Patterns of discordance of physical functioning in older persons; different associations for apathy and depression? Results from the NESDO-study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of inclusion process.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics.

Variable (theoretical range)	Observed N	% Missing	Mean/%	SD
Demographics
Age, years	469	0	70.48	7.24
Gender, Female (%)	469	0	65.00
Currently a partner, Yes (%)	469	0	59.30
­ Education, years	469	0	10.98	3.59
Physical functioning (baseline)
Walking speed (ms)	465	0.9	0.96	0.31
Grip strength Male (kg)	163	0.6	36.54	9.78
Grip strength Female (kg)	304	0.3	21.83	6.79
Sum score performance-based physical functioning (0–6)	463	1.3	3.11	1.89
Getting Around (0–25)	466	0.6	15.47	3.11
Self-care (0–20)	464	1.1	13.70	3.03
Self-report total (0–45)	463	1.3	29.14	3.11
Sum score self-reported physical functioning (0–6)	463	1.3	3.88	0.96
Discordance Score^a at baseline	457	2.6	0.78	1.76
Discordance Score at T2	350	23.4	0.88	1.70
Discordance Score at T3	244	48.0	1.48	1.75
Neuropsychiatric symptoms
Apathy scale	469	0	15.28	6.20
IDS-SR^b	466	0.6	23.78	15.10
Depression type at baseline	469	0	73.10
- No depression	126		26.9
- Depression (Major and Minor)	234		49.9
- Depression with Dysthymia	109		23.2
Depression pattern	380	19.0
- No depression	106		27.9
- Depression at wave 1 or 2	140		36.8
- Depression at wave 1 and 2	134		35.3
MMSE-score^c	468	0.2	27.95	1.83
Lifestyle characteristics and physical health
Physical activity (METh/day^d)	386		6.12	5.56
Alcohol (%)	465	0.9
Low	211		45.0
Intermediate	225		48.0
High	29		6.2
BMI^e (kg/m^2)	468	0.2	26.50	4.32
Number of chronic diseases (0–8)	468	0.2	1.93	1.44
Cardiovascular risk score^f (0–17)	418	10.9	6.06	3.31
Use of psychotropics (% yes)	469	0	76.0
Pain disability Grade^g (0–4)	465	0.9	1.71	1.22

Notes: a

Discordance-score: Sum score self-reported – Sum score performance-based physical functioning.

b IDS-SR: Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report version.

c MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination.

d METh/day: metabolic equivalent hours/day.

e BMI: Body Mass Index.

f Cardio Vascular Risk score: Computed with: CVD risk 1/(1 + e^-i) with i = - 8.65 + 0.057 x age-0.61 x gender + 0.749 x antihypertensive medication + 0.008 x syst. BP + 0.458 x smoking + 0.18 x cholesterol - 0.234 HDL cholesterol + 0.857 x DM.

g CGPS: Chronic Graded Pain Scale-Dutch, grade 0 Pain free, grade 1 Low disability-low intensity, grade 2 Low disability-high intensity, grade 3 High disability-moderately limiting, grade 4 High disability-severely limiting.

Figure 2. Individual trajectories of discordance based on individual discordance-scores across three waves (baseline, two, and six years). The red line demonstrates the estimated mean and grey lines represent individual trajectories (n = 469).

Table 2. Bivariable latent growth models for the association with discordance-score at baseline (intercept) and change of discordance-scores over time (slope).

	Effect on intercept	s.e.	p-value	effect on slope	s.e.	p-value
Primary predictors
Apathy symptoms	0.009	0.014	0.511	−0.002	0.003	0.599
- adjusted for IDS score	0.025	0.017	0.132	−0.003	0.004	0.467
Depressive symptoms (IDS-SR^h)	−0.006	0.005	0.272	0.000	0.001	0.942
- adjusted for apathy score	−0.012	0.007	0.076	0.001	0.001	0.625
Secondary predictors
Depression pattern (ref = no)
Depression at t1 or t2	−0.029	0.219	0.895	−0.010	0.044	0.815
Depression at t1 and t2	−0.095	0.221	0.669	−0.042	0.042	0.315

h IDS-SR: Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report version.

* (p<.05).

Table 3. Multivariable Latent Growth Models for the association with discordance-score at baseline (intercept) and yearly change of discordance-scores (slope).

	Effect on intercept	S.E.	p-value	Effect on slope	S.E.	p-value
Primary predictors
Apathy symptoms	−0.016	0.013	0.209	<0.001	0,003	0.949
- adjusted for IDS score	−0.003	0.015	0.861	<0.001	0,003	0.631
Depressive symptoms (IDS)	−0.012	0.005	0.023*	<0.001	0.001	0.969
- adjusted for apathy score	−0.011	0.006	0.050*	<0.001	0.001	0.946
Secondary predictors
Depression at baseline
(yes vs no)	−0.292	0.152	0.054		−0.032	0.037	0.389
	−0.292	0.152	0.054	−0.032	0.037	0.389
Depression pattern (ref = no)^i
Depression at t1 or t2	−0.262	0.179	0.143	−0.011	0.045	0.805
Depression at t1 and t2	−0.429	0.195	0.028*	−0.034	0.043	0.430

Notes: All analyses adjusted for age, gender, partner status, level of education, MMSE, IPAQ and FRS.

i Only calculated in participants with data on T1 and T2 (n = 380).

* (p<.05).