Differences in self-control, self-efficacy and depressive symptoms between active and inactive middle-aged and older adults after 1 year of COVID restrictions

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of univariate ANOVA results.

Variable	Mean	Std. deviation	F	Sig
Self-control
Active	35.33	7.41	196.61	.00***
Inactive	26.99	5.93
General self-efficacy
Active	33.15	3.98	287.91	.00***
Inactive	25.33	6.42
Depressive symptoms
Active	34.17	6.51	85.95	.00***
Inactive	39.94	7.72
Leisure motivation:
Total motivation
Active	112.34	29.49	11.46	.00***
Inactive	102.87	34.38
Intrinsic motivation
Active	56.56	14.70	108.63	.00***
Inactive	41.96	17.26
Extrinsic motivation
Active	50.13	14.95	3.89	.05
Inactive	47.36	17.07
Amotivation
Active	5.66	3.52	526.07	.00***
Inactive	13.55	4.32

* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .000.

Table 2. Summary of Pearson correlation results.

	Activity level	Self-control	Self-efficacy	Depressive symptoms	Total motivation	Intrinsic motivation	Extrinsic motivation	Amotivation
Activity level	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Self-control	.64***	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
General self-efficacy	.56***	.52***	1	–	–	–	–	–
Depressive symptoms	−.43***	−.29***	−.36***	1	–	–	–	–
Total motivation	.16***	−.17***	−.27***	−.13**	1	–	–	–
Intrinsic motivation	.37***	.30***	.42***	−.23***	.95***	1	–	–
Extrinsic motivation	.12**	.13***	.24***	−.10*	.99***	.93***	1	–
Amotivation	−.54***	−.33***	−.44***	.26***	−.06	−.33***	−.10*	1

* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .000.

Table 3. Summary of multivariate analysis (forward stepwise) of predictors for physical activity level.

Model		Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.	Adjusted R^2
		B	Std. Error	Beta
1	(Constant)	−7.568	.681		−11.121	.000	.410
	Self-Control	.399	.021	.641	19.034	.000
2	(Constant)	−2.576	.816		−3.157	.002	.498
	Self-control	.311	.021	.500	14.515	.000
	Amotivation	−2.73	.028	−.330	−9.581	.000
3	(Constant)	2.661	1.142		2.330	.020	.533
	Self-control	.288	.021	.462	13.717	.000
	Amotivation	−.230	.028	−.278	−8.124	.000
	Depressive symptoms	−.132	.021	−.204	−6.326	.000
4	(Constant)	−1.179	1.377		−.856	.392	.552
	Self-control	.249	.022	.401	11.306	.000
	Amotivation	−.184	.029	−.222	−6.258	.000
	Depressive symptoms	−.114	.021	−.177	−5.495	.000
	Self-efficacy	.136	.028	.180	4.781	.000

* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .000.