The early impacts of COVID-19 on people living with dementia: part I of a mixed-methods systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA Flowchart. From: Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71.

Table 1. Overview of included studies.

Authors	Country	Population (people with dementia/carers/sample size)	Focus	Design	Measures	Qual: themes generated Quant: outcomes	Setting	Time period of data collection
Azevedo et al., 2021	Argentina, Brazil, Chile	321 family carers of people with dementia (about people with dementia and carers)	Care Burden, Mental health, Behaviour	Quantitative cross-sectional study	Questionnaires were applied via telephone—age, sex, education level, socioeconomic status (through appropriate instruments for each Country), kinship, medical diagnosis, and severity of dementia.	Individuals with dementia felt sadder and had increased anxiety symptoms. Compulsive-obsessive behaviour, hallucinations, increased forgetfulness, altered appetite, and increased difficulty in activities of daily living were reported more frequently. Carers reported feeling more tired and overwhelmed.	Community	May to July 2020
Borelli et al., 2021	Brazil	58 people and carers (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, mental health, cognition	Quantitative cross-sectional study	The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Beck Depression (BDI) and Anxiety (BAI).	Cognitive decline was shown, as well as behavioural symptoms especially apathy/depression and functional decline. Increased carers’ psychological distress.	Community	May 2020 to July 2020
Borg et al., 2021	France	398 carers accompanying a people with dementia living at home (HC) and 159 accompanying a people with dementia living in a nursing home (NHC) (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, Mental health	Quantitative cross-sectional study	Online survey—Anxiety was assessed with the GAD-7 scale, Depressive symptoms were assessed with the CES-D scale, caregiver’s burden was assessed using the validated short version of the Zarit Burden Interview, and level of self-rated stress was assessed with a visual analog scale ranging from 0 (no stress at all) to 10 (highest stress you can imagine).	Half of the carers exhibited poor mental health, including depression, anxiety, or self-reported stress. 126 PWD (34%) went to day care facilities before lockdown, this type of professional support was totally suspended during the lockdown.	Community and care homes	17th March–11th May 2020
Borges-Machado et al., 2020	Portugal	36 carers (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, mental health	Quantitative	Survey—Barthel Index (BI), The NPI 30 was used to analyse the BPSD, CarerQol was used to address Carer- Qol-7D, and CarerQol-VAS.	Increased caregiving burden and a decline in their well-being. People with dementia decreased their volume of physical activity, and conversely increased their sitting time, decreased well-being.	Community	November 2019–June 2020
Boutoleau-Bretonnière et al. (2 papers)	France	38 carers (about people with Alzheimer’s disease and carers) 38 behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (Bvftd) and 38 Alzheimer disease (AD) carers (about carers)	Cognition, Mental Health, care burden Behaviour, Care burden	Quantitative	The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire. Standardised surveys, The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) Questionnaire	Only 10 had neuropsychiatric changes. Confinement seems to impact neuropsychiatric symptomatology in people with AD with low baseline cognitive function. The duration of confinement significantly correlated with both the severity of their neuropsychiatric symptoms, as well as with the distress experienced by their carers. Bvftd carers—increased burden regardless of behavioural changes. AD carers—increased burden related to changes in people with AD neuropsychiatric symptoms.	Community	26th March–9th May 2020
Cagnin et al., 2020	Italy	87 Memory centres, 4,913 family carers (about people with dementia on regular clinical follow-up)	Mental Health, Carer burden, Cognition, Behaviour	Quantitative, observational sub-study nested in a larger multicentre Nation-wide survey	Nation-wide survey—regarding people with dementia’ and carers’ modifications of dementia-related symptoms after beginning of quarantine and clinical data on previous physical independence and awareness of current pandemic.	Quarantine induces a rapid increase Behavioural and psychological symptom (60%) and stress-related symptoms of carers (two-thirds).	Community	14th–24th April 2020
Capozzo et al., 2020	Italy	32 people with dementia and Carers (about people with dementia)	Mental health, behaviour	Quantitative population-based study	Structured questionnaire: Clinical Dementia Rating Scale–frontotemporal dementia (CDR-FTD), the Behaviour and Language items.	Significant worsening of clinical picture and quality of life since the start of social distancing, significant worsening of behaviour and language functions.	Community	10 April and 30 April 2020.
Carlos et al., 2021	Italy	204 participants were interviewed: 166 (81.4%) Abbiategrasso Brain Bank (ABB) donors and 38 (18.6%) Memory Clinic patient (about people with dementia)	Behaviour, Cognition, Mental health	Quantitative, cross-sectional telephone-based survey	Medical records, DSM-5 criteria, CDR scale, self-devised a Structure Questionnaire, GDS-5 scale.	Unable to adapt and suffered from depression and cognitive complaints.	Community	9th April 2020–4th May 2020
Carpinelli Mazzi et al., 2020	Italy	239 carers of people with dementia (about people with dementia and carers)	Access to care, Mental health, Care burden	Quantitative	Telephone survey: Italian versions of Zung’s depression and anxiety assessment Scales (ZDAAS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), The ZBI (Zarit Burden Interview).	People with dementia were deprived of care services and time of isolation had a significant negative effect on anxiety and depression in carers.	Community	N/A
Cohen et al., 2020a	Argentina	119 family carers of persons with AD or related dementia Living at home (about people with dementia and carers)	Behaviour, mental health, health	Quantitative	Questionnaire survey: designed a visual analog scale to study the burden of care that family members or paid caregivers experienced before and during the epidemic, demographics of family members, paid caregivers, and dementia subjects	Increased anxiety (43% of the sample), insomnia (28% of the subjects), depression (29%), worsening gait disturbance (41%), and increase use of psychotropics to control behavioural symptoms. Social isolation, lack of outpatient rehabilitation services, and increased stress of family carers	Community	N/A
Cohen et al., 2020b	Argentina	80 family carers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease (about people with dementia and carers)	Mental health, care burden, access to care	Quantitative	Questionnaire survey: Items included demographic characteristics of both subjects with dementia and family members and problems of management, rehabilitation, and care that subjects experienced during the first 4 weeks of the coronavirus quarantine in our setting, anxiety, burnout and stress that a family caregiver experienced.	Increased stress caregiver, half of the subjects with dementia experienced increased anxiety and that most family members discontinued all sort of cognitive and physical therapies	Community	April 2020
El Haj et al. 2021	France	72 participants (about people with AD)	Mental health	Quantitative	Invited the carers to rate the severity of depression of people with dementia using a four-point scale.	Increased depression in the people with dementia during the lockdown.	Retirement homes	12th May–27th November 2020
El Haj et al., 2020	France	58 Participants (about people with Alzheimer’s disease)	Mental health	Quantitative	On-site carers instructed participants to assess their depression and anxiety with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.	Participants reported higher depression and anxiety during than before the Covid-19 crisis.	Retirement homes	N/A
Gan et al., 2021	China	205 people with dementia (about people with dementia)	Cognition	A descriptive and retrospective study based on medical Records	Demography, medical history, and neuropsychological evaluation that included the C-MMSE), MoCA, activities of daily living, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and the etiological data at baseline and follow-up were reviewed. The Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) was used to assess the severity of CI as 0.5, 1.0 (mild), 2.0 (moderate), or 3.0 (severe).	Confinement might ease the cognitive and neuropsychiatric deterioration of people with AD compared to those not in crisis and help prevent RCD in people with AD.	Community	1 April and 30 November 2020
Giebel et al. 2021	UK	14 unpaid carers, 7 people with dementia (about people with dementia and carers)	Service usage	Qualitative interviews	Co-produced questions about inequalities in accessing post-diagnostic care	4 themes: (1) Getting the ball rolling: the process of diagnosis; (2) Balancing the support needs of people with dementia and carers; (3) Barriers to accessing support; and (4) Facilitators to accessing support.	Community	January–March 2020
Giebel et al. 2021 (2 papers)	UK	569 participants, 61 people with dementia, 285 unpaid carers, and 223 older adults (about people with dementia and carers)	Mental wellbeing, Service usage	Quantitative 3-time point survey	Co-produced survey on service usage, General Health Questionnaire, Short version of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire	Social support service use significantly reduced since pandemic; Higher variations in service usage linked to increased levels of anxiety in people with dementia, and lower levels of mental well-being in unpaid carers.	Community	April–August 2020
Giebel et al. 2021/Hanna et al., 2022a, 2022b (5 papers)	UK	50 baseline participants (42 unpaid carers, 8 people with dementia), 20 follow-up interviews (16 unpaid carers, 4 people with dementia) (about people with dementia and carers)	Service usage, Cognition, Everyday functioning, Mental wellbeing	Qualitative interviews	Co-produced questions about service usage before and since the pandemic	People with dementia were reported to deteriorate faster, struggled accessing social support services, and experienced difficulties deciding about whether to receive paid home care. Inequalities in accessing care noted. Mental health issues noted for people with dementia and unpaid carers.	Community	April–July 2020
Helvaci Yilmaz et al., 2021	Turkey	54 individuals diagnosed with AD and carers (about people with dementia and carers)	Caregiver burden, cognition, mental health	Quantitative	Survey	AD worsening symptom was forgetfulness and agitation. The carers thought that something terrible would happen to the patient and felt they could not find time for themselves. Drug rejection increased the burden twofold.	Community	April 1st-May 30rd 2020
Lara et al., 2020	Spain	40 with Mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease (about people with dementia)	Mental health	Quantitative	The Neuropsychiatric Inventory and euroqol-5D questionnaire.	Worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms—agitation, apathy and aberrant motor activity being the most affect symptoms.	Community	2 months
Manini et al., 2021	Italy	94 carers (about people with dementia)	Behaviour Mental health	Quantitative	A telephone-based questionnaire developed by authors—patient’s clinical data, living arrangements, and access to day care services, living arrangements and lifestyle habits due to lockdown measures; access to outdoor spaces, access to emergency care.	Apathy, irritability, agitation, aggression and depression were the most common symptoms by people with dementia.	Community	30th April–8th June 2020 and follow up 9th March–15th May 2020
Ng et al., 2020	Singapore	50 people with Mild FTD and 50 people with mild AD dementia (both)	Access to care, behaviour	Quantitative	Phone based survey—to identify major themes of particular concern to patient—Caregiver dyads of FTD.	Preliminary findings demonstrate that people with FTD have significant worsening in behaviour and social cognition, as well as suffer greater negative consequences from disruption to healthcare services compared to people with AD.	Community	N/A
Panerai et al., 2016	Italy	128 Carers of people with dementia (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, cognition, mental health	Quantitative	The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) and the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI)	Increased risk for burning out of carers, Neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia significantly increased as well.	Community	April 14th and May 16th 2020
Paolini et al., 2021	Italy	38 older adults with mild/moderate dementia (about people with dementia)	Mental health, cognition	Quantitative	Two questionnaires, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the FLEI Mental Ability Questionnaire (FLEI)	Cognitive functioning worsened during lockdown and experienced stress (S) during the first wave of lockdown.	Community	March to May
Pongan et al., 2021	France	Carers of people with dementia (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, behaviour, Mental health	Quantitative	Cross-sectional online survey, The Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES), the GAD-7 scale (The General Anxiety Disorder-7), The CES-D scale (Center for Epidemiologic Studies- Depression)	Impact on behavioural disorders in people with dementia and these disorders are associated with poorer mental health of carers.	Community	15th April–15th June 2020
Rainero et al., 2020	Italy	97 dementia centres, 4913 people with dementia (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, health	Quantitative	Survey, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)	Carers reported a high increase in anxiety, depression, and distress. Acute worsening of clinical symptoms in people with dementia	Community	April 2020
Rajagopalan et al., 2022	India	104 dementia and their carers (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, behaviour, mental health	Mixed method	Validated instruments and a semi-structured interview guide	Worsening of behaviour, problems in accessing care, disruptions in functional activities and struggles in enforcing infection prevention contributing to caregiver distress.	Community	15 May and 25 June 2020.
Rising et al., 2022	USA	25 people with dementia and Caregiver (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, cognition, mental health	Qualitative	Semi-structured interviews	Four themes emerging: disruption of socialization, fear and risk mitigation, coping strategies, and caregiver burden	Community	August–November 2020
Talbot & Briggs, 2021	UK	19 people with dementia (about people with dementia)	Cognition, Mental health	Qualitative	Semi-structured interviews	Generated five themes: the forgotten person with dementia, confusion over government guidance, deterioration of cognitive function, loss of meaning and social isolation, safety of the lockdown bubble.	Community	June–July 2020
Tam et al.. 2021	Canada	498 participants carers and people with dementia (about people with dementia and carers)	Care burden, health services, mental health	Quantitative	Survey—themes: (1) information and resource needs, (2) caring for someone living with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic (specific to care partner surveys), (3) mental health and well-being needs, (4) the use of technology for social connection during the pandemic.	Reported several serious concerns, inability to visit the person that they care for in long-term or palliative care. Reported that the pandemic increased their levels of stress overall and that they felt lonelier and more isolated than they did before the pandemic.	Community	June 8, 2020, and August 19, 2020.
Tsapanou et al., 2021	Greece	339 carers (about carers and people with dementia)	Carer burden Mental health Health	Quantitative, Exploratory sequential mixed-methods design—Quantitative	Online questionnaire was created regarding both changes of the patient they take care of, and changes to their own burden	Significant decline, both in an overall aspect of the people with dementia, and in specific domains (mostly communication and mood). Carers—significantly increased physical and psychological burden	Community	November 2020–April 2021
Tuijt et al. (2 papers)	UK	30 people living with dementia, 31 Family carer (about people with dementia and carers)	Cognition, care burden Access to care	Qualitative	Interviews were semi structured Semi-structured interviews	1) awareness of restrictions, 2) restructuring caring relationships to manage covid-19 risk, 3) protective factors, 4) the psychological and cognitive impact of restrictions, and 5) the importance of social engagement. Three main themes were derived relating to: proactive care at the onset of covid-19 restrictions; avoidance of healthcare settings and services; and difficulties with remote healthcare encounters.	Community	May–August 2020
West et al., 2021	UK	15 participants (people with dementia and Carers)	Health, access to care, Mental health, care burden	Qualitative	Semi structured qualitative Interviews.	8 key themes, with subthemes: Fear and anxiety, food and eating (encompassing food Shopping and eating patterns), isolation and identity, Community and social relationships, adapting to covid-19, social isolation and support structures, and medical interactions.	Community	N/A

Table 2. QualSyst checklist criteria.

Criteria for assessing quantitative studies	Criteria for assessing qualitative studies
Question/objective sufficiently described?	Question/objective sufficiently described?
Study design evident and appropriate?	Study design evident and appropriate?
Method of subject/comparison group selection or source of information/input variables described and appropriate?	Context for the study clear?
Subject (and comparison group, if applicable) characteristics sufficiently described?	Connection to a theoretical framework/wider body of knowledge?
If interventional and random allocation was possible, was it described?	Sampling strategy described, relevant and justified?
If interventional and blinding of investigators was possible, was it reported?	Data collection methods clearly described and systematic?
If interventional and blinding of subjects was possible, was it reported?	Data analysis clearly described and systematic?
Outcome and (if applicable) exposure measure(s) well defined and robust to measurement/misclassification bias? Means of assessment reported?	Use of verification procedure(s) to establish credibility?
Sample size appropriate?	Conclusions supported by the results?
Analytic methods described/justified and appropriate?	Reflexivity of the account?
Some estimate of variance is reported for the main results?
Controlled for confounding?
Results reported in sufficient detail?
Conclusions supported by the results?

Table 3. Quality assessment for quantitative studies.

Research paper	Overall score
Azevedo et al., 2021	0.94
Borelli et al., 2021	1.00
Borg et al., 2021	0.94
Borges-machado et al., 2020	0.94
Boutoleau-bretonnière et al., 2020	1.00
Cagnin et al., 2020	1.00
Capozzo et al., 2020	0.83
Carcavilla et al., 2021	0.67
Carlos et al., 2021	1.00
Carpinelli mazzi et al., 2020	0.78
Cohen et al., 2020a	1.00
Cohen et al., 2020b	0.89
El haj et al., 2021	0.83
El Haj et al., 2020	0.83
Gan et al., 2021	1.00
Giebel et al. 2021 (2 papers)	1.00
Helvaci yilmaz et al., 2021	0.94
Lara et al., 2020	0.89
Manini et al., 2021	1.00
Ng et al., 2020	0.78
Panerai et al., 2016	1.00
Paolini et al., 2021	1.00
Pongan et al., 2021	0.94
Rainero et al. 2020	1.00
Rajagopalan et al. 2022	0.94
Tam et al., 2021	0.89
Tsapanou et al., 2021	0.89
Werner et al., 2021	0.94

Table 4. Quality assessment for qualitative studies.

Research paper	Overall score
Giebel et al. 2021	0.95
Giebel et al. 2021/Hanna et al., 2022a, 2022b (5 papers)	0.90
Rajagopalan et al., 2022	0.85
Rising et al., 2022	0.65
Talbot & Briggs, 2021	0.90
Tuijt et al. (2 papers)	0.90
West et al., 2021	0.90

Azevedo, L. V. D. S., Calandri, I. L., Slachevsky, A., Graviotto, H. G., Vieira, M. C. S., Andrade, C. B. d., Rossetti, A. P., Generoso, A. B., Carmona, K. C., Pinto, L. A. C., Sorbara, M., Pinto, A., Guajardo, T., Olavarria, L., Thumala, D., Crivelli, L., Vivas, L., Allegri, R. F., Barbosa, M. T., … Caramelli, P. (2021). Impact of social isolation on people with dementia and their family caregivers. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 81(2), 607–617. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201580

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Borelli, W. V., Augustin, M. C., de Oliveira, P. B. F., Reggiani, L. C., Bandeira-de-Mello, R. G., Schumacher-Schuh, A. F., Chaves, M. L. F., & Castilhos, R. M. (2021). Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia associated with increased psychological distress in carers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 80(4), 1705–1712. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201513

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Borg, C., Rouch, I., Pongan, E., Getenet, J. C., Bachelet, R., Herrmann, M., Bohec, A.-L., Laurent, B., Rey, R., & Dorey, J.-M., COVCARE Group. (2021). Mental health of people with dementia during COVID-19 pandemic: What have we learned from the first wave? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 82(4), 1531–1541. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210079

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Borges-Machado, F., Barros, D., Ribeiro, O., & Carvalho, J. (2020). The effects of COVID-19 home confinement in dementia care: Physical and cognitive decline, severe neuropsychiatric symptoms and increased caregiving burden. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 35, 1533317520976720.

 Google Scholar

Cagnin, A., Di Lorenzo, R., & Marra, C. (2020). Behavioral and psychological effects of coronavirus disease-19 quarantine in patients with dementia. Front Psychiatry, 11, 578015.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Capozzo, R., Zoccolella, S., Frisullo, M. E., Barone, R., Dell’Abate, M. T., Barulli, M. R., Musio, M., Accogli, M., & Logroscino, G. (2020). Telemedicine for delivery of care in frontotemporal lobar degeneration during COVID-19 pandemic: Results from Southern Italy. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 76(2), 481–489. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200589

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Carlos, A. F., Poloni, T. E., & Caridi, M. (2021). Life during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: The influence of cognitive state on psychosocial, behavioral and lifestyle profiles of older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 26(3), 534–543.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Carpinelli Mazzi, M., Iavarone, A., Musella, C., De Luca, M., de Vita, D., Branciforte, S., Coppola, A., Scarpa, R., Raimondo, S., Sorrentino, S., Lualdi, F., & Postiglione, A. (2020). Time of isolation, education and gender influence the psychological outcome during COVID-19 lockdown in caregivers of patients with dementia. European Geriatric Medicine, 11(6), 1095–1098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-020-00413-z

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cohen, G., Russo, M. J., Campos, J. A., & Allegri, R. F. (2020a). COVID-19 epidemic in Argentina: Worsening of behavioral symptoms in elderly subjects with dementia living in the community. Front Psychiatry, 11, 866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00866

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Cohen, G., Russo, M. J., Campos, J. A., & Allegri, R. F. (2020b). Living with dementia: Increased level of caregiver stress in times of COVID-19. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1377–1381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220001593

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

El Haj, M., Moustafa, A. A., & Gallouj, K. (2021). Higher depression of patients with alzheimer’s disease during than before the lockdown. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 81(4), 1375–1379.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

El Haj, M., Altintas, E., Chapelet, G., Kapogiannis, D., & Gallouj, K. (2020). High depression and anxiety in people with Alzheimer’s disease living in retirement homes during the covid-19 crisis. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113294.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Gan, J., Liu, S., & Wu, H. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Front Psychiatry, 12, 703481.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hanna, K., Giebel, C., Butchard, S., Tetlow, H., Ward, K., Shenton, J., Cannon, J., Komuravelli, A., Gaughan, A., Eley, R., Rogers, C., Rajagopal, M., Limbert, S., Callaghan, S., Whittington, R., Shaw, L., Donnellan, W., & Gabbay, M. (2022a). Resilience and supporting people living with dementia during the time of COVID-19; A qualitative study. Dementia (London, England), 21(1), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/14713012211036601

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hanna, K., Giebel, C., Tetlow, H., Ward, K., Shenton, J., Cannon, J., Komuravelli, A., Gaughan, A., Eley, R., Rogers, C., Rajagopal, M., Limbert, S., Callaghan, S., Whittington, R., Butchard, S., Shaw, L., & Gabbay, M. (2022b). Emotional and mental wellbeing following COVID-19 public health measures on people living with dementia and carers. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 35(3), 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988721996816

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Helvaci Yilmaz, N., Polat, B., Ermis, A., & Hanoglu, L. (2021). Clinical deterioration of Alzheimer’s disease patients during the Covid-19 pandemic and caregiver burden. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 38(3), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.52142/omujecm.38.3.9

 Google Scholar

Lara, B., Carnes, A., Dakterzada, F., Benitez, I., & Pinol-Ripoll, G. (2020). Neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life in Spanish patients with Alzheimer’s disease during the COVID-19 lockdown. European Journal of Neurology, 27(9), 1744–1747.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Manini, A., Brambilla, M., Maggiore, L., Pomati, S., & Pantoni, L. (2021). The impact of lockdown during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Neurological Sciences, 42(3), 825–833.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Ng, K. P., Chiew, H. J., Hameed, S., Ting, S. K. S., Ng, A., Soo, S. A., Wong, B. Y. X., Lim, L., Yong, A. C. W., Mok, V. C. T., Rosa-Neto, P., Dominguez, J., Kim, S., Hsiung, G. Y. R., Ikeda, M., Miller, B. L., Gauthier, S., & Kandiah, N. (2020). Frontotemporal dementia and COVID-19: Hypothesis generation and roadmap for future research. Alzheimer’s & Dementia (New York, N. Y.), 6(1), e12085. https://doi.org/10.1002/trc2.12085

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Panerai, S., Tasca, D., Musso, S., Catania, V., Ruggeri, F., Raggi, A., … Ferri, R. (2016). The impact of COVID-19 confinement on the neurobehavioral manifestations of people with Major Neurocognitive Disorder and on the level of burden of their carers. Life Span and Disability, 23(2), 303–320. http://www.lifespanjournal.it/client/abstract/ENG371_6.%20Panerai.pdf

 Google Scholar

Paolini, S., Devita, M., Epifania, O. M., Anselmi, P., Sergi, G., Mapelli, D., & Coin, A. (2021). Perception of stress and cognitive efficiency in older adults with mild and moderate dementia during the COVID-19-related lockdown. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 149, 110584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110584

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Rajagopalan, J., Arshad, F., Hoskeri, R. M., Nair, V. S., Hurzuk, S., Annam, H., Varghese, F., Br, R., Dhiren, S. R., Ganeshbhai, P. V., Kammammettu, C., Komaravolu, S., Thomas, P. T., Comas-Herrera, A., & Alladi, S. (2022). Experiences of people with dementia and their caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: A mixed-methods study. Dementia (London, England), 21(1), 214–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/14713012211035371

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Rising, K. L., Salcedo, V. J., Amadio, G., Casten, R., Chang, A., Gentsch, A., O’Hayer, C. V., Sarpoulaki, N., Worster, B., & Gerolamo, A. M. (2022). Living through the pandemic: The voices of persons with dementia and their caregivers. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 41(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/07334648211036399

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Talbot, C. V., & Briggs, P. (2021). ‘Getting back to normality seems as big of a step as going into lockdown’: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with early to middle stage dementia. Age and Ageing, 50(3), 657–663. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab012

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tam, M. T., Dosso, J. A., & Robillard, J. M. (2021). The impact of a global pandemic on people living with dementia and their care partners: Analysis of 417 lived experience reports. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 80(2), 865–875.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tsapanou, A., Zoi, P., Kalligerou, F., Blekou, P., & Sakka, P. (2021). The effect of prolonged lockdown due to COVID-19 on Greek demented patients of different stages and on their carers. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 83(2), 907–913.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

West, E., Nair, P., Barrado-Martin, Y., Walters, K. R., Kupeli, N., Sampson, E. L., & Davies, N. (2021). Exploration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with dementia and carers from black and minority ethnic groups. BMJ Open, 11(5), e050066. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050066

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C., Pouclet-Courtemanche, H., Gillet, A., Bernard, A., Deruet, A.-L., Gouraud, I., Lamy, E., Mazoué, A., Rocher, L., Bretonnière, C., & El Haj, M. (2020). Impact of confinement on the burden of caregivers of patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease during the COVID-19 crisis in France. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 10(3), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511416

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Carcavilla, N., Pozo, A. S., González, B., Moral-Cuesta, D., Roldán, J. J., Erice, V., & Remírez, A. d. G. (2021). Needs of dementia family caregivers in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 80(2), 533–537. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201430

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Werner, P., Tur-Sinai, A., & AboJabel, H. (2021). Examining dementia family carers’ forgone care for general practitioners and medical specialists during a COVID-19 lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7).

 Google Scholar