Validating the interpersonal theory of suicide among older adultspre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive and ANOVA Statistics for Sex Differences.

	M (SD)
	Overall	Men	Women	F	p	ηр²
Depression*	2.59 (3.15)	2.75 (3.42)	2.44 (2.90)	0.37	.550	.00
Perceived Burdensomeness*	0.50 (0.88)	0.68 (1.00)	0.34 (0.72)	6.95	.010	.03
Thwarted Belongingness	1.18 (1.22)	1.40 (1.32)	0.99 (1.10)	5.25	.020	.03
Social Interaction	12.48 (4.40)	11.76 (4.53)	13.10 (4.21)	3.92	.049	.02
Social Satisfaction	15.45 (2.46)	15.07 (2.44)	15.78 (2.45)	3.98	.047	.02
Suicidal Ideation*	14.03 (6.02)	15.36 (7.16)	12.87 (4.54)	8.27	< .001	.04

Note. df = 204 and F (1, 204). *Where assumptions of normality and homogeneity were unsatisfactory with Levene’s Test being significant (p< .003), we report the statistics for equal values not assumed. All Sex × Pandemic interactions were not significant; we have not reported these results here (Fs< 3.69, ps> .06).

Table 2. Descriptive and ANOVA statistics for pandemic differences.

	M (SD)
	Pre-pandemic	Peri-pandemic	F	p	ηр²
Depression*	2.27 (2.65)	2.89 (3.55)	1.89	.170	.00
Perceived Burdensomeness*	0.29 (0.44)	0.70 (1.12)	12.44	<.001	.06
Thwarted Belongingness	0.98 (1.12)	1.38 (1.29)	.562	.020	.03
Social Interaction	14.26 (4.36)	10.75 (3.72)	36.98	.001	.15
Social Satisfaction	15.66 (2.31)	15.25 (2.60)	1.12	.280	.01
Suicidal Ideation*	13.14 (4.04)	14.90 (7.37)	4.16	.040	.02

Note. df = 204 and F (1, 204). *Where assumptions of normality and homogeneity were unsatisfactory with Levene’s Test being significant (p< .003), we report the statistics for equal values not assumed. All Sex × Pandemic interactions were not significant; we have not reported these results here (Fs< 3.69, ps> .06).

Table 3. Correlations.

	1	2	3	4	5
1. Depression	–
2. Perceived Burdensomeness	.507**	–
3. Thwarted Belongingness	.660**	.587**	–
4. Social Interaction	−.260**	−.216**	−.446**	–
5. Social Satisfaction	−.472	−.386**	−.683**	.320**	–
6. Suicidal Ideation	.577**	.731**	.603**	−.244**	−.441**

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); df = 206.

Table 4. Hierarchical multiple regression predicting suicidal ideation.

Step	Variables	B	β	R² change	Final B	Final β
1	Depression	1.10	.58	.33**	0.38	.20**
2	Sex	−2.15	−.18	.03*	1.15	.10
3	Social Interaction	−0.10	−.08	.01	0.01	.00
4	Social Satisfaction	−0.45	−.18	.03*	0.08	.03
5	Thwarted Belongingness	1.75	.36	.04**	0.26	.05
6	Sex*Social Satisfaction	0.31	.48	.00	−0.13	−.19
7	Perceived Burdensomeness	3.63	.53	.17**	2.14	.31*
8	TB*PB	0.61	.29	.01**	0.61	.29*
	Constant				10.96

TB, Thwarted Belongingness; PB, Perceived Burdensomeness.

** p< .001, * p< .01.

Table 5. Hierarchical multiple regression predicting suicidal ideation for the peri-pandemic sample.

Step	Variables	B	β	R² change	Final B	Final β
1	Depression	1.10	.58	.33**	0.38	3.31**
2	Sex	−2.15	−.18	.03*	1.15	0.32
3	Social Interaction	−0.10	−.08	.01	0.01	0.08
4	Social Satisfaction	−0.45	−.18	.03*	0.08	0.19
5	Thwarted Belongingness	1.75	.36	.04**	0.26	0.65
6	Sex*Social Satisfaction	0.31	.48	.00	−0.13	−0.55
7	Perceived Burdensomeness	3.63	.53	.17**	2.14	2.89**
8	TB*PB	0.61	.29	.01*	0.06	2.34*
	Constant				10.96

TB, Thwarted Belongingness; PB, Perceived Burdensomeness.

** p< .001, * p< .01.

Figure 1. The relationship between Perceived Burdensomeness and Suicidal Ideation in Pre-COVID-19 (Pre) Males (black broken line) and Females (grey broken line) and Peri-COVID-19 (Peri) Males (black solid line) and Females (grey solid line).

Data Availability statement

Dataset Link, uploaded to OSF https://osf.io/dvf6h/?view_only=4dce5f1d9c1a49518c321f4892d8542f