Abstract
Attitudes towards autonomy and personal freedom changed in the 1960s in England, but hardly touched the needs of dependent older people. In particular, deeply embedded public and professional attitudes and priorities linked to little change in ‘psychogeriatric’ treatment for those who were mentally unwell. Total beds in psychiatric hospitals decreased, but those remaining were increasingly and disproportionately occupied by older people receiving custodial care, often long term, despite evidence that appropriate treatment could prevent admission and facilitate discharge. Widely publicised scandals of inhumane care of older people in psychiatric hospitals prompted a more responsive government approach to improving services.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Professors Pat Thane, Tom Arie and David Jolley for their comments.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
[20] Hospital designations, except in quotes or when spanning more than one period, follows official terminology: 1890–1930 ‘Asylum’; 1930–1959 ‘Mental Hospital’; 1960 ‘Psychiatric Hospital’.
[24] Total number of items identified for various search terms:
[34] McDonald, ‘A Rehabilitation Programme for Chronic Psychogeriatric Patients’, 1977, 3, (Arie archives).
[46] Ministry of Health, memo, ‘Care of the Aged’, (SAC(MH)(49)4) Para 3 (TNA, MH133/502).
[55] Levy, ‘Stereotype Embodiment’, 333.
[56] Thane, Old Age, 406.
[66] Arie to author, e-mail, December 2011.
[85] Race Relations Act 1965; Sexual Offences Act 1967; Abortion Act 1967; Suicide Act 1961.
[102] Tony Whitehead, ‘Avoiding Sedatives’, (AEGIS/1/10/A,32).
[117]Mental Health and Social Policy.
[122] Anon. ‘Psychogeriatric Assessment Unit’ (c. 1963) PP/RFK/C.8, Wellcome Library (WL).
[123] Rudolf Freudenberg, memo, ‘Psychogeriatric Units’, 30 October 1963, 2 PP/RFK/C.8 (WL).
[125] Eric Morton, interviewer Margot Jefferys, in Oral History.
[126] Arie, interviewer Hazel Houghton, in Oral History.
[139] Morgannwg Hospital Management Committee, ‘Psychogeriatrics and Related Problems’ (1963) PP/RFK/C.8 (WL).
[142] Tony (Anthony) Whitehead, Cited in: Anon., ‘Aged ‘Could Be Spared Misery’’, Guardian, 7 October 1974, 6.
[143]CitationKay, Beamish and Roth, ‘Study of Prevalence’.
[154] Arie, interview by author, 2004.
[167] Robb and Tooth, meeting 25 May 1965 (AEGIS1/1,81–92).
[171] Maurice Hackett, ‘Old People in Mental Hospitals’, Times, November 18, 1965, 13.
[172] Helen Hodgson, ‘Elderly Patients’. Guardian, March 29, 1966 (AEGIS, 1/2/A,94).
[173] Lord Strabolgi et al. ‘Old People in Mental Hospitals’, Times, November 10, 1965, 13.
[175] Lord Strabolgi et al. ‘Old People in Mental Hospitals’, Times, November 10, 1965, 13.
[177] Arie, e-mail, 26 April 2009.
[178]World in Action, Ward F 13 (Granada Television, 1968).
[181] Sue Freeman, ‘A Problem that Can't be Whitewashed’, Daily Express 8 Aug 1968.
[183] David Roxan, ‘Heartbreak Hospitals’, News of the World, August 20, 1967, 7.
[190] Robb and Whitehead, ‘Some Doctors and the Ombudsman’, (Draft) (AEGIS/I/8).
[192] Robb, note of phone call, December 1966 (AEGIS/1/3,18).
[193] Brice Pitt, interview by author, 2004.
[194] Klaus Bergmann, interview by author, 2004.
[198] Russell Barton, interviewer Diana Gittins, GC/244/2/19,14 (WL).
[203] Robb and Tooth (AEGIS/1/1 81–92).
[204] Probably, Dr Tooth to Dr Boucher, memo, 4 October 1965, (TNA, MH160/486).
[205] Tooth, memo, 30 September 1965, (TNA, MH160/486).
[206] HF, ‘D Macmillan’, BMJ, 119.
[207] Ministry of Health, ‘Provision of Psychiatric Services for the Elderly.’ 12 November 1965, 1 (TNA, MH160/486).
[213] Catherine Storr to Whitehead, letter, 27 November 1967. Penguin Books.
[220]CitationAnon. ‘Elderly in Hospital’ (Identified by Arie as his work).
[221] Arie, e-mail, 26 April 2009.
[222] Arie, in Oral History.
[226] Arie, in Oral History.
[229]CitationDHSS, Assessment Units; covering letter, March 1970, ECN778 (King's Fund).
[230]Mental Health and Social Policy.
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Notes on contributors
Claire Hilton
Claire Hilton is a PhD student at King's College London and a Consultant Old Age Psychiatrist. Correspondence to: Claire Hilton, Brent Memory Service, Fairfields House, Roe Green, London, NW9 0PS, UK.
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