Resilience under protracted conflict and siege: a new paradigm shift

Figures & data

Table 1. Overall sample and male and female bivariate associations in relation to resiliency score and demographic characteristics using the 25 CD-RSC.

Variables		Overall (n = 768)			Males (n = 333)			Females (n = 422)
	Classification	n (%) ^a	Mean (SD)	p-value	(%) ^a	Mean (SD)	p-value	(%) ^a	Mean (SD)	p-value
Gender				.059		-			-
	Male	333 (44.1)	77.1 (13.6)
	Female	422 (55.9)	75.1 (14.1)
Gouvernantes				0.38			0.50			0.24
	Rafah	58 (7.8)	78.6 (11.7)		30 (9.2)	79.0 (12.9)		28 (6.8)	78.1 (10.6)
	Khan Younis	57 (7.6)	76.2 (12.1)		18 (5.5)	73.4 (10.9)		38 (9.2)	77.8 (12.6)
	Middle area	204 (27.1)	74.5 (13.5)		97 (29.8)	76.4 (13.4)		102 (24.6)	73.1 (13.7)
	Gaza	141 (18.7)	76.1 (14.1)		54 (16.6)	75.9 (14.1)		84 (20.2)	75.9 (14.2)
	North	292 (38.8)	75.9 (14.7)		126 (38.8)	78.2 (14.2)		163 (39.2)	74.3 (14.9)
Age				0.31			0.94			0.12
	20–31	446 (58.4)	76.0 (13.1)		194 (58.4)	77.3 (12.7)		250 (59.7)	75.0 (13.3)
	32–43	180 (23.6)	74.8 (15.4)		76 (22.9)	76.8 (15.2)		100 (23.9)	73.4 (15.4)
	44+	138 (18.1)	77.3 (14.4)		62 (19.3)	76.8 (14.4)		69 (16.5)	77.9 (14.9)
Employment				0.02			0.33			0.07
	No	462 (61.2)	75.1 (14.1)		161(48.5)	76.3 (14.2)		294 (72.1)	74.3 (14.0)
	Yes	293 (38.8)	77.4 (13.4)		171 (51.5)	77.8 (13.0)		114 (27.9)	77.1 (14.0)
Income				0.11			<.001			0.21
	0	249 (42.2)	76.6 (13.9)		87 (30.1)	78.7 (12.9)		161 (55.3)	75.4 (14.2)
	<1000	89 (15.1)	74.2 (14.4)		61 (21.1)	73.2 (13.3)		27 (9.3)	76.2 (16.9)
	1000–2000	123 (20.8)	76.9 (12.2)		73 (25.3)	75.3 (11.9)		46 (15.8)	79.9 (12.2)
	>2001	129 (21.9)	78.7 (13.6)		68 (23.5)	82.6 (11.9)		57 (19.6)	74.4 (14.1)
Education level				0.01			0.02			0.33
	Primary/Middle School	109 (14.3)	72.6 (15.2)		49 (14.8)	72.8 (3.9)		58 (14.0)	72.6 (16.6)
	Highschool	239 (31.4)	75.8 (13.9)		106 (31.9)	76.3 (13.8)		130 (31.3)	75.4 (14.2)
	Post-secondary	412 (54.2)	77.0 (13.5)		177 (53.3)	78.8 (13.2)		227 (54.7)	75.7 (13.5)
Education level spouse				0.02			.001			0.47
	Primary/Middle School	85 (16.7)	74.5 (14.0)		43 (19.7)	72.7 (14.1)		38 (13.7)	76.5 (14.3)
	Highschool	150 (29.5)	74.5 (14.2)		75 (34.4)	75.3 (14.0)		73 (26.4)	73.9 (14.4)
	Post-secondary	273 (53.8)	77.9 (13.1)		100 (45.9)	80.7 (12.3)		166 (59.9)	76.2 (13.3)
Belief in Sumud as changing one’s reality				0.01			0.02			0.14
	No	416 (56.5)	74.8 (13.7)		181 (56.9)	75.8 (13.2)		227 (56.0)	74.2 (14.0)
	Yes	320 (43.5)	77.6 (13.7)		137 (43.1)	79.4 (13.5)		178 (64.0)	76.2 (13.9)
Perceptions of Living Conditions
Reside in peaceful area				0.36			.004			0.38
	No	259 (33.8)	76.7 (14.2)		107 (32.1)	80.1 (13.1)		147 (35.0)	74.4 (14.5)
	Yes	507 (66.2)	75.7 (13.7)		226 (67.9)	75.6 (13.7)		273 (65.0)	75.6 (13.9)
Living area characterized by social cohesion				0.64			0.09			0.41
	No	396 (51.8)	75.8 (14.4)		182 (54.8)	75.9 (14.2)		209 (49.8)	75.8 (14.5)
	Yes	369 (48.2)	76.3 (13.3)		150 (45.2)	78.5 (12.8)		211 (50.2)	74.7 (13.6)
Living area characterized by support and lack of fear				0.24			0.51			0.58
	No	672 (88.0)	76.3 (13.6)		295 (89.1)	77.3 (13.4)		366 (87.1)	75.4 (13.9)
	Yes	92 (12.0)	74.4 (15.3)		36 (10.9)	75.4 (15.9)		54 (12.9)	74.3 (14.9)

^an may not add up due to missing data.

Missing data for overall sample: gender (n = 13), gouvernantes (n = 16), age (n = 4), employment (n = 15), income (n = 178), education level (n = 8), education level spouse (n = 260), Sumud (n = 32), reside in peaceful area (n = 2), living area characterized by social cohesion (n = 3), living area characterized by support and lack of fear (n = 8).

Table 2. Correlations between resilience (25-item CD-RSC) and perceptions of hope, hardiness, and life satisfaction.

Variable	Overall (n = 768)			Males (n = 333)			Females (n = 422)
	n^a	r	p	n^a	r coefficient	p	n^a	r	p
Hope	729	.379	< .01	308	.328	<.01	408	.407	<.01
Hardiness	649	.436	< .01	293	.412	<.01	343	.459	<.01
Life Satisfaction	680	.686	< .01	292	.628	<.01	375	.728	<.01

^an may not add up due to missing data based on listwise deletion.

Table 3. Predictors of resilience and gender-specific results in relation to individual, contextual and psychosocial factors for adult Palestinians.

Variables		Overall sample		Males		Females
		β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Individual and contextual factors
Gender
	Female (ref)			-	-	-	-
	Male	3.27*	.675, 5.86	-	-	-	-
Age
	20–31 (ref)
	32–43	.639	−2.17, 3.45	1.04	−2.99, 5.08	.203	− 3.92, 4.32
	44+	.026	−3.47, 3.53	−1.52	−6.29, 3.26	.632	−5.09, 6.35
Employment
	No (ref)
	Yes	6.09*	1.14, 11.05	4.29	−1.98, 10.56	9.71	−.972, 20.39
Income
	>2001 (ref)
	1000–2000	2.25	−1.26, 5.75	−1.03	−6.05, 3.99	5.23*	.013, 10.45
	<1000	1.45	−3.62, 6.51	−.060	−6.85, 6.73	−2.91	−12.24, 6.42
	0	9.36*	2.96, 15.76	7.21	−2.04, 16.46	12.17*	.911,23.42
Education level
	Primary and Middle School (ref)
	Highschool	2.01	−2.14, 6.15	2.06	−4.17, 8.29	1.94	−4.13, 8.00
	Post-secondary	5.03*	.724, 9.34	2.43	−4.28, 9.14	7.78*	1.41, 14.15
Education level spouse
	Primary and Middle School (ref)
	Highschool	−1.67	−5.59, 2.26	1.27	−4.23, 6.76	−4.59	11.34, 2.16
	Post-secondary	−.876	−4.98, 3.23	3.71	−2.06, 9.48	−8.08*	−14.68, −1.48
Perceptions of Living Conditions
Residing in peaceful area
	Yes (ref)
	No	5.63**	2.98, 8.29	4.08*	.247, 7.91	4.71*	.735, 8.69
Living area characterized by social cohesion
	Yes (ref)
	No	2.05	−.429, 4.53	.083	−3.50, 3.67	2.88	−.864, 6.64
Living area characterized by support and lack of fear
	Yes (ref)
	No	−.381	−4.34, 3.58	−3.36	−9.42, 2.69	.737	−4.84, 6.31
Psychosocial factors
Belief in Sumud as changing one’s reality
	Yes (ref)
	No	−3.46*	−5.95, −.966	−2.77	−6.34, .810	−3.92*	−7.58, −.255
Hope		.049	−.641, .738	.416	−.534, 1.37	−.267	−1.35, .813
Life Satisfaction		1.02**	.862, 1.18	.881**	.641, 1.12	1.11**	.876, 1.34
Hardiness		.874**	.431, 1.32	.978*	.365, 1.59	.578	−.117, 1.27
Variance and F		Adj R^2 = .552, F = 17.42, p < .001		Adj R^2 = .510, F = 8.78, p < .001		Adj R^2 = .612, F = 11.40, p < .001

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; β = Unstandardized.

Employment and income variable demonstrated high collinearity (VIF >10).