The EU in motion through emotions: Fear and migration policy in the Euro-Mediterranean context

Figures & data

Figure 1. Scheme of the theoretical argument.

Table 1. Operationalization of the theoretical framework.

Mapping Fear in Migration Discourse	Fear-related action tendencies	Emotional fearful practices in migration governance
Emotion terms, i.e., afraid, alarming, worrying Connotations: securitizing speech acts (Buzan et al., 1998; Huysmans, 2006) - sense of urgency - threat, risk, and danger - precarity, uncertainty, instability - protection, preservation Metaphors/analogies: vague numbers expressing loss of control, ‘invasion’, ‘flood’ …	Neutralization of danger and threat removal Low risk-taking propensity, preference for precautionary measures (Lerner & Keltner, 2001; Lerner et al., 2015)	Externalization of border control Use of securitization tools (policing, surveillance, and militarized measures) Readmission agreements

Table A1. List of EU official documents included in the analysis.

Year	Official document	Page numbers
1995	European Union, Declaration of the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference, 27–28 November.	17
1997	Conclusions of the Second Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference, Malta, 15–16 April.	10
1998	Concluding statement Euromed ad hoc ministerial meeting, Palermo, 3–4 June.	3
1999	Chairman’s formal conclusions. The Third Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Foreign Ministers, 7395/99, Stuttgart, 15–16 April 1999.	10
2000	European Union, Presidency’s formal conclusions. The fourth Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Foreign Ministers, Marseille, 15–16 November 2000.	3
2002	European Union, Presidency Conclusions. The Vth Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Foreign Ministers. 8254/02. Valencia, 23 April 2002.	15
2003	European Union, Presidency Conclusions. The mid-term Euro-Mediterranean Conference. 9890/03. Crete, 26–27 May 2003.	20
2003	European Union, Presidency Conclusions. Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs 15,380/03. Naples, 2–3 December 2003.	15
2003	European Commission, Communication on Wider Europe- Neighborhood: A New Framework for Relations with Our Southern and Eastern Neighbors COM(2003)104 final.	26
2004	European Commission, European Neighborhood Policy Strategy Paper COM(2004)373 final.	35
2004	European Union, Presidency Conclusions. The Euro-Mediterranean mid-term meeting of ministers of Foreign Affairs. 9064/04. Dublin, 5–6 May 2004.	18
2004	Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions. The Euro-Mediterranean Meeting of Foreign Affairs.14869/04.The Hague, 30 November.	23
2005	10^th Anniversary Euro-Mediterranean Summit, Chairman’s Statement, EU Press release, EURO-MED 2/05, Brussels, 29 November.	25
2006	European Commission, Communication on Strengthening the European Neighbourhood COM(2006)726 final.	14
2006	Council of the European Union, 8^th Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs ‘Tampere Conclusions’, 15921/1/06 Tampere, 27–28 November.	20
2006	Ferrero-Waldner, Benedetta. Migration, external relations and the ENP”, Speech at the Conference on ‘Reinforcing the area of freedom, security, prosperity and justice of the EU and its neighbouring countries’, Brussels, 24 Jan.	4
2007	First Euro-Mediterranean ministerial Meeting on Migration, Algarve 18–19 November 2007.	7
2007	Council of the European Union, Agreed Conclusions of the 9^th Euro-Mediterranean Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Lisbon, 6 November (14743/07)	21
2008	Council of the European Union, Barcelona Process: Union for the Mediterranean Ministerial Conference 15,187/08, Marseille, 3–4 November	28
2011	European Commission & the High Representative of the Union for Foreign and Security Affairs. (2011) Joint Communication to the European Council, the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on a Partnership for Democracy and shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean. (COM 2011 (200)). Brussels, 3 May 2011.	16
2011	European Commission, Communication on Migration COM(2011)248 final.	25
2011	European Commission, Communication on a Dialogue for Migration, Mobility and Security with the Southern Mediterranean Countries COM(2011)292.	13
2011	European Commission, A New Response to a Changing Neighborhood, COM(2011)303	25
2011	European Council, Extraordinary Council of European Union Declaration (EUCO 7/1/11).	7
2011	European Council, Conclusions of the European Council (EUCO 10/1/11)	35
2011	European Council, Conclusions of the European Council (EUCO 23/11)	17
2016	European Commission, Communication on establishing a new Partnership Framework with third countries under the European Agenda on Migration COM()385 final.	18
2016	European Council, EU-Turkey statement 144/16, 18 March 2016.	2

Figure A1. References coded for securitization, fear and control-oriented approach to migration by institution.

Figure A2. Evolution of securitization, fear and control-oriented approach over time.

Figure A3. Evolution of securitization, fear and control-oriented approach over time (according to three distinct periods).

Coding was carried out using NVIVO, a computer-based content analysis software that

generates qualitative and quantitative data after coding text (QSR International 1999).

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