Career choices after completion of vocational training: the case of licensed practical nurses

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for LPNs (n = 17,840).

Gender	Men	9%
	Women	91%
Parents’ highest education level (social origins)	No information	21%
	Basic education	27%
	Secondary education	44%
	Tertiary education	8%
Immigrant origin	Norwegian majority	72%
	Europe, first gen.	7%
	Europe, second gen.	4%
	Africa and Asia (+ others) first gen.	15%
	Africa and Asia (+ others) second gen.	2%
Age at graduation	Mean age in years
	<26 years	43%
	26 < 31 years	8%
	31 < 36 years	10%
	36 < years	40%
Year of graduation	2005	20%
	2006	18%
	2007	19%
	2008	20%
	2009	11%
	2010	11%
Employment conditions T1	Short part-time and low wage Employed short part-time and wage >2 G or long part-time Employed full-time Unemployed or no wage Hospital employment (ref. other) Increase in work hours T1 + 1	6% 44% 32% 18% 4% 16%

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for labour market status, occupation, and educational level at T2.

Educational level	LPN (no change)	88%
	Other secondary education	2%
	Tertiary education	4%
	Nursing degree	6%
	Number of obs.	17 840
Occupational status*	Labour market inactive	13%
	Employee	85%
	Self-employed	1%
	Unemployed	1%
	No information	1%
	Number of obs.	16 089
Occupation**	Care work	73%
	Nursing	7%
	Social educator	1%
	Kindergarten assistants	3%
	Other care work	2%
	Shop workers	1%
	Office workers	1%
	Cleaning	1%
	Kindergarten teachers	1%
	Home aids	1%
	Milieu therapists	1%
	Other occupations (109)	9%
	Number of obs.	13 651

*Calculated for resident persons below 63 years only.

**Calculated for resident and employed persons below 63 years only.

Table 3. Multinomial logistic regression: Educational mobility 10 years after graduation (reference category: No further education. Results for vocational education not shown).

	Tertiary education									Nursing degree
	model 1			model 2			model 3			model 1			model 2			model 3
	Logit		SE	Logit		SE	Logit		SE	Logit		SE	Logit		SE	Logit		SE
Man (ref: woman)	0.170		0.146	0.234		0.148	0.233		0.148	−0.234		0.145	−0.148		0.148	−0.147		0.148
Age at graduation	−0.109	***	0.006	−0.102	***	0.006	−0.102	***	0.006	−0.117	***	0.005	−0.110	***	0.005	−0.109	***	0.005
Immigrant origin (ref: majority origin)
First gen. Europe	0.581	*	0.253	0.628	*	0.255	0.628	*	0.255	0.452	*	0.222	0.482	*	0.225	0.469	*	0.225
First gen. World	−0.065		0.251	−0.016		0.252	−0.015		0.252	0.399	*	0.198	0.437	*	0.201	0.433	*	0.202
Second gen. Europe	−0.046		0.169	−0.026		0.171	−0.025		0.171	−0.039		0.145	−0.028		0.148	−0.027		0.148
Second gen. World	−0.184		0.227	−0.223		0.230	−0.219		0.230	0.238		0.168	0.195		0.172	0.07		0.172
Social background (ref: low)
Unknown	−0.266		0.268	−0.286		0.277	−0.286		0.277	−0.662	**	0.218	−0.676	***	0.228	−0.655	***	0.229
Middle	0.442	***	0.121	0.425	***	0.122	0.425	***	0.122	0.378	***	0.099	0.367	***	0.100	0.364	***	0.101
High	1.015	***	0.142	0.960	***	0.143	0.978	***	0.153	0.801	***	0.120	0.751	***	0.123	0.865	***	0.130
Urban area (ref: rural area)	0.401	***	0.095	0.408	***	0.096	0.408	***	0.096	0.326	***	0.079	0.329	***	0.081	0.330	***	0.081
Year of graduation (ref: 2005)
y2006	0.091		0.122	0.119		0.123	0.117		0.123	0.250	*	0.101	0.292	**	0.103	0.291	**	0.103
y2007	0.134		0.117	0.163		0.119	0.162		0.119	0.172		0.100	0.217	*	0.102	0.211	*	0.102
y2008	0.018		0.119	0.052		0.121	0.051		0.121	−0.050		0.103	−0.006		0.105	−0.010		0.105
y0910	−1.278	***	0.170	−1.251	***	0.171	−1.251	***	0.171	−1.705	***	0.169	−1.672	***	0.170	−1.674	***	0.170
Working conditions T1 (ref: full time)
Short part time & low wage				1.456	***	0.130	1.486	***	0.142				1.611	***	0.117	1.731	***	0.125
Short- and long part time				0.229	*	0.110	0.229	*	0.110				0.562	***	0.095	0.564	***	0.096
Unemployed				0.199		0.136	0.200		0.136				0.423	***	0.120	0.422	***	0.120
Increased work hours in first year				−0.547	***	0.125	−0.545	***	0.125				−0.820	***	0.110	−0.822	***	0.110
Hospital employment at T1				0.323		0.229	0.320		0.229				0.936	***	0.163	0.941	***	0.163
High social background * short part time and low wage							−0.196		0.249							−0.604	*	0.238
Constant	−0.652	**	0.214	−1.082	***	0.233	−1.085	***	0.234	0.026		0.182	−0.615	**	0.201	−0.638	**	0.201
Number of obs	17,837
LR mod 1	236,970
LR mod2	272,158
LR mod3	272,8 44

Table 4. Multinomial logistic regression. Occupational mobility to non-relevant LPN work 10 years after graduation (reference category: Relevant LPN work. Results for labour market inactivity are not shown). Sample restriction: resident LPNs below the age of 63.

	model 1			model 2			model 3			model 4
	Logit		SE	Logit		SE	Logit		SE	Logit		SE
Man (ref: woman)	0.527	***	0.082	0.521	***	0.083	0.521	***	0.083	0.520	***	0.083
Age at graduation	−0.038	***	0.003	−0.035	***	0.003	−0.035	***	0.003	−0.035	***	0.003
Immigrant origin (ref: majority origin)
First gen. Europe	0.004		0.212	0.005		0.213	0.005		0.213	0.030		0.215
First gen. World	−0.649	**	0.206	−0.671	**	0.207	−0.671	**	0.207	−0.677	**	0.210
Second gen. Europe	0.238	*	0.108	0.244	*	0.109	0.244	*	0.109	0.244	*	0.109
Second gen. World	0.228		0.146	0.186		0.147	0.185		0.147	0.185		0.147
Social background (ref: low)
Unknown	0.035		0.208	−0.039		0.211	−0.040		0.211	−0.037		0.212
Middle	0.174	**	0.062	0.179	**	0.062	0.179	**	0.062	0.179	**	0.062
High	0.299	***	0.095	0.286	**	0.095	0.279	**	0.099	0.284	**	0.095
Urban area (ref: rural area)	0.106		0.054	0.148	**	0.055	0.148	**	0.055	0.147	**	0.055
Year of graduation (ref: 2005)
y2006	−0.098		0.078	−0.081		0.078	−0.081		0.078	−0.079		0.078
y2007	−0.216	***	0.078	−0.199	*	0.078	−0.199	*	0.078	−0.198	*	0.078
y2008	−0.430	***	0.080	−0.420	***	0.080	−0.420	***	0.080	−0.420	***	0.080
y0910	−0.181	*	0.073	−0.177	*	0.073	−0.176	*	0.073	−0.175	*	0.073
Working conditions T1 (ref: full-time)
Short part-time & low wage				0.695	***	0.112	0.685	***	0.121	0.713	***	0.116
Short- and long part-time				0.049		0.061	0.049		0.061	0.049		0.061
Unemployment				0.291	***	0.086	0.291	***	0.086	0.288	***	0.086
Increased work hours in first year				−0.255	***	0.074	−0.254	***	0.074	−0.254	***	0.074
Hospital employment at T1				0.124		0.163	0.123		0.163	0.125		0.163
High social background * short part-time & low wage							0.051		0.271
first gen. World * short part-time & low wage										0.142		0.418
First gen. Europe * short part-time & low wage										−1.462		1.056
Constant	−0.365	**	0.113	−0.539	***	0.123	−0.537	***	0.123	−0.540	***	0.123
Number of obs: 14121
LR chi2(30): 572.830209
LR chi2(40): 1080.377399
LR chi2(42): 1080.695539
LR chi2(44): 1083.940881

Table A1. Subsample A: Educational mobility 10 years after graduation. With grades and age below 26 at graduation (vocational education not shown).

		Other tertiary education			Nursing degree
		logit		SE	logit			SE
Man (ref: woman)		0.350		0.262	0.233			0.244
Immigrant origin (ref: majority origin)
First gen. Europe		0.447		0.475	0.654			0.400
First gen. World		0.139		0.440	0.939		***	0.319
Second gen. Europe		−0.017		0.209	−0.006			0.187
Second gen. World		−0.321		0.283	0.219			0.212
Social background (ref: low)
Unknown		0.297		0.584	−0.160			0.472
Middle		0.260		0.163	0.314		*	0.141
High		0.705	***	0.202	0.782		***	0.174
Urban area (ref: rural area)		0.427	**	0.125	0.315		**	0.107
Year of graduation (ref: 2005)
y2006		−0.010		0.176	0.125			0.150
y2007		−0.068		0.168	0.016			0.145
y2008		−0.144		0.169	−0.336		*	0.150
y0910		−2.102	***	0.263	−2.775		***	0.277
Working conditions T1 (ref: full-time)
Short part-time & low wage		1.877	***	0.184	2.097		***	0.165
Short- and long part-time		0.494	***	0.151	0.780		***	0.131
Unemployment		1.092	***	0.180	1.368		***	0.157
Increased work hours in first year		−0.686	***	0.158	−1.087		***	0.148
Hospital employment at T1		0.184		0.313	1.027		***	0.223
High social background * short part-time & low wage		−0.151		0.299	−0.709		*	0.290
z-score grades		0.655	***	0.055	0.716		***	0.049
Constant		−2.965	***	0.240	−2.743		***	0.208
Number of obs: 4547
LR chi2(63): 1197.157205
Subsample B: below 26 years at graduation (vocational education not shown)
	Other tertiary education					Nursing degree
	logit			SE		logit		SE
Man (ref: woman)	0.092			0.191		−0.081		0.176
Immigrant origin (ref: majority origin)
First gen. Europe	0.567			0.292		0.317		0.272
First gen. World	−0.073			0.288		0.510	*	0.221
Second gen. Europe	−0.068			0.182		−0.126		0.162
Second gen. World	−0.201			0.238		0.147		0.184
Social background (ref: low)
Unknown	−1.286		***	0.338		−1.784	***	0.278
Middle	0.450		**	0.142		0.408	**	0.118
High	1.000		***	0.173		0.936	***	0.145
Urban area (ref: rural area)	0.338		**	0.109		0.297	**	0.092
Year of graduation (ref: 2005)
y2006	0.139			0.141		0.374	**	0.119
y2007	0.188			0.135		0.302	**	0.116
y2008	0.091			0.136		0.046		0.120
y0910	−1.601		***	0.215		−2.161	***	0.230
Working conditions T1 (ref: Full-time)
Short part-time & low wage	1.776		***	0.161		1.981	***	0.142
Short- and long part-time	0.376		**	0.131		0.615	***	0.112
Unemployed	0.771		***	0.154		0.938	***	0.134
Increased work hours in first year	−0.596		***	0.139		−0.926	***	0.127
Hospital employment at T1	0.512		*	0.260		1.191	***	0.189
High social background * short part-time & low wage	−0.197			0.262		−0.688	**	0.253
Constant	−3.241		***	0.199		−2.984	***	0.170
Number of obs: 7640
LR chi2(60): 1292.477156
Subsample C: 26 years and older at graduation (vocational education not shown)
		Other tertiary education			Nursing degree
		logit		SE	logit			SE
Man (ref: woman)		0.752	***	0.236	−0.052			0.279
Immigrant origin (ref: majority origin)
First gen. Europe		1.864	***	0.576	1.384		**	0.527
First gen. World		1.404	*	0.566	1.343		**	0.510
Second gen. Europe		0.114		0.520	0.630			0.376
Second gen. World		−0.515		1,016	0.942			0.477
Social background (ref: low)
Unknown		−0.192		0.573	0.081			0.513
Middle		0.633	**	0.242	0.583		**	0.199
High		1.337	***	0.370	0.822		*	0.365
Urban area (ref: rural area)		−0.051		0.196	−0.242			0.163
Year of graduation (ref: 2005)
y2006		0.095		0.260	0.017			0.213
y2007		0.084		0.261	−0.216			0.225
y2008		−0.176		0.273	−0.280			0.226
y0910		−0.760	*	0.295	−1.121		***	0.265
Working conditions at T1 (ref: full-time)
Short part-time & low wage		1.139	**	0.360	1.494		***	0.308
Short- and long part-time		0.056		0.207	0.649		***	0.182
Unemployed		−0.376		0.312	−0.206			0.296
Increased work hours in first year		−0.407		0.284	−0.543		*	0.223
Hospital employment at T1		0.227		0.518	0.509			0.374
High social background * short part-time & low wage		−19.692		13342.301	−0.059			0.861
Constant		−4.869	***	0.307	−4.517		***	0.259
Number of obs: 10 198
LR chi2(60): 223.057929
Subsample D: not in higher education two years after graduation (vocational education not shown
		tertiary degree			nursing degree
		model 3			model 3
		Logit		SE	Logit			SE
Man (ref: woman)		−0.042		0.189	−0.126			0.178
Age at graduation		−0.109	***	0.008	−0.101		***	0.006
Immigrant origin (ref: majority origin)
First gen. Europe		0.543		0.312	0.568		*	0.272
First gen. World		−0.227		0.315	0.390			0.253
Second gen. Europe		0.030		0.197	0.087			0.187
Second gen. World		−0.174		0.270	0.459		*	0.206
Social background (ref: low)
Unknown		−0.100		0.342	−0.001			0.279
Middle		0.441	**	0.145	0.341		**	0.129
High		0.927	***	0.181	0.747		***	0.165
Urban area (ref: rural area)		0.312	**	0.113	0.275		*	0.104
Year of graduation (ref: 2005)
y2006		0.084		0.144	0.166			0.131
y2007		0.037		0.141	0.012			0.132
y2008		−0.015		0.141	−0.016			0.131
y0910		−1.308	***	0.206	−1.617		***	0.211
Working conditions T1 (ref: full-time)
Short part-time & low wage		0.797	***	0.187	0.245			0.202
Short- and long part-time		−0.008		0.124	0.134			0.110
Unemployment		−0.104		0.166	−0.670		***	0.169
Increased work hours in first year		−0.329	*	0.146	−0.276		*	0.130
Hospital employment at T1		0.449		0.258	0.785		***	0.206
High social background * short part-time & low wage		0.074		0.321	0.021			0.367
Constant		−0.915	***	0.274	−0.868		***	0.243
Number of obs		16,961
LR chi2(63): 1483.324087

Figure A1. Predicted probabilities of further education ten years after graduation (model 1, table 3). Probabilities for: women, educated in 2005, living in rural areas, 25 years at graduation.

Figure A2. Predicted probabilities of further education ten years after graduation (model 2, table 3). Probabilities for: majority women from low social origins, educated in 2005, rural living areas aged 25 at graduation.