Developing and sustaining new regional industrial paths: investigating the role of ‘outsiders’ and factors shaping long-term trajectories

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of the two cases comprising the sample.

Location	Population	Population development	Economic base in 2010	Traditional economic base in 1960s	University education level
Linköping	1950: 83,641 1990: 122,268 2010: 146,416	1950–1990: +46% 1990–2010: +20%	IT cluster, aviation cluster	SAAB AB (computer, aviation), NAF	1985: 13.8% 1997: 24.0% 2011: 34.0%
Karlskrona	1950: 63,668 1990: 59,054 2010: 64,032	1950–1990: ‑9% 1990–2010: +8%	Manufacturing industries; IT cluster	Navy, dockyard, electronics	1985: 9.2% 1997: 16.5% 2011: 25.0%
Sweden	1950: 7,046,920 1990: 8,590,630 2010: 9,415,570	1950–1990: +22% 1990–2010: +10%	Advanced industry (Ericsson, Volvo, Sandvik, Alfa Laval)	Manufacturing industry, forest industry, steel and mining	1985: 10.1% 1997: 16.5% 2011: 24.0%

Source: based on data from Statistics Sweden (SCB)

Figure 1. Share of total IT sector employment by IT services and IT manufacturing. Numbers above the columns indicate the total number of IT employees per year. Years 1997–1998 for Karlskrona are left out owing to inconsistencies in the data (see above).

Source: based on data from Statistics Sweden (SCB). SNI2002 sector codes; Manufacturing: 3001, 3002, 3130, 3210, 3320, 3330; Services: 7210, 7221, 7222, 7230, 7240, 7250, 7260.

Table 2. Summary of interviewees.

	Occupation	Region	Outsiders
IT industry (21)	Entrepreneurs	Linköping: 9 Karlskrona: 12	Linköping: 9 Karlskrona: 10
Municipality (5)	Civil servants	Linköping: 3 Karlskrona: 2	Linköping: 2 Karlskrona: 0
University (7)	Researchers/academic staff	Linköping: 4 Karlskrona: 3	Linköping: 3 Karlskrona: 3
Established firms (5)	Management level	Linköping: 3 Karlskrona: 2	Linköping: 3 Karlskrona: 2

Figure 2. Chronological sequence: (a) Linköping. (b) Karlskrona.

Table 3. Summary of the empirical findings (own summary).

	Linköping	Karlskrona
Preconditions – Industry structures	Manufacturing industry dominated by large companies Aeroplane manufacturing	Manufacturing industry dominated by large companies Dockyard, electronics
Path initiation – Importance of outsiders	Entrepreneurial vice chancellor Attraction of university staff, students and employees Power of many: agency distributed between many actors	Entrepreneurial vice chancellor Attraction of established entrepreneurs and firms Power of few: agency concentrated in a few actors
Sustaining path – Importance of outsiders and policy actors	IT industry fits into technology-oriented economic structure Embedded actors Cooperation between policy actors and entrepreneurs	Few links to the dominating traditional industries Relocation of actors Policy actors working individually