Collective institutional work: the case of Airbnb in Amsterdam, London and New York

Figures & data

Figure 1. Two institutionalisation pathways of innovations.

Table 1. Forms of institutional work for creating, maintaining and disrupting institutions (adapted from: Fuenfschilling and Truffer 2016; Lawrence and Suddaby 2006).

Category	Forms of institutional work	Definition
Creating institutions	Theorising	The development and specification of abstract categories and the elaboration of chains of cause and effect
	Educating	The educating of actors in skills and knowledge necessary to support the new institution
	Defining	The construction of rule systems that confer status or identity, define boundaries of membership or create status hierarchies within a field
	Advocacy	The mobilisation of political and regulatory support through direct and deliberate techniques of social persuasion
	Vesting	The creation of rule structures that confer property rights
	Constructing identities	Defining the relationship between an actor and the field in which that actor operates
	Changing normative associations	Re-making the connections between sets of practices and the moral and cultural foundations for those practices
	Constructing normative networks	Constructing of inter-organisational connections through which practices become normatively sanctioned and which form the relevant peer group with respect to compliance, monitoring and evaluation
	Mimicry	Associating new practices with existing sets of taken-for-granted practices, technologies and rules in order to ease adoption
Maintaining institutions	Policing	Ensuring compliance through enforcement, auditing and monitoring
	Deterring	Establishing coercive barriers to institutional change
	Demonising	Providing for public consumption positive and negative examples that illustrates the normative foundations of an institution
	Enabling work	The creation of rules that facilitate, supplement and support institutions, such as the creation of authorising agents or diverting resources
	Embedding and routinising	Actively infusing the normative foundations of an institution into the participant’s day-to-day routines and organisational practice
Disrupting institutions	Disconnecting sanctions	Working through state apparatus to disconnect rewards and sanctions from some set of practices, technologies or rules
	Disassociating moral foundations	Disassociating the practice, rule or technology from its moral foundation as appropriate within a specific cultural context
	Undermining assumptions and beliefs	Decreasing the perceived risks of innovation and differentiation by undermining core assumptions and beliefs

Figure 2. Percentage of Airbnb listings relative to inhabitants (AirDNA, 2017; WCCF, 2017). Numbers not corrected for hosts that provide multiple listings.

Table 2. Number of articles per newspaper and per city.

City	Newspaper	Code	# of articles	Total
Amsterdam	Het Parool	(Pdd/mm/yyyy)	105	174
	De Telegraaf	(Tdd/mm/yyyy)	69
London	The Guardian	(Gdd/mm/yyyy)	65	135
	The Daily Telegraph	(DTdd/mm/yyyy)	70
New York	New York Times	(NYTdd/mm/yyyy)	101	204
	The Daily News	(DNdd/mm/yyyy)	103

Figure 3. Involvement of actor categories in creating, maintaining and disrupting institutions in the three cities.

Figure 4. Number of institutional work activities (per category) over time for the three cities.

Figure 5. Number of institutional work activities performed by different actors across the three cities.

Figure 6. Three institutionalisation pathways of innovations.

Fuenfschilling, L., and B. Truffer. 2016. “The Interplay of Institutions, Actors and Technologies in Socio-Technical Systems — An Analysis of Transformations in the Australian Urban Water Sector.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 103: 298–312. doi:10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2015.11.023.

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Lawrence, T. B., and R. Suddaby. 2006. “Institutions and Institutional Work.” In Handbook of Organization Studies, edited by R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. B. Lawrence, and W. R. Nord, 215–254. London, UK: Sage.

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AirDNA. 2017. “Airbnb Data & Insights to Succeed in The Sharing Economy.” Accessed July 11, 2017. https://www.airdna.co/

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WCCF. 2017. “World Cities Culture Forum: Number of Households.” Accessed July 11 2017. http://www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/data/number-of-households

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