When does part-time work relate to less work-life conflict for parents? Moderating influences of workplace support and gender in the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics (SD).

	Range	Total	Women				Men
		(N = 1391)	Total (n = 735)	NL (n = 413)	SW (n = 208)	UK (n = 114)	Total (n = 656)	NL (n = 331)	SW (n = 221)	UK (n = 104)
Work-life conflict	1–5	2.21 (0.88)	2.12 (0.85)	2.01 (0.76)	2.28 (0.91)	2.24 (1.00)	2.30 (0.89)	2.35 (0.85)	2.17 (0.88)	2.44 (1.01)
Part-time work
Short part-time (<25)		.18	.31	.44	.06	.28	.03	.04	.01	.03
Long part-time (25–35)		.22	.32	.43	.17	.16	.11	.17	.05	.04
Full-time (35>)		.60	.37	.12	.77	.56	.86	.79	.93	.93
Respondent characteristics
Male	0–1	.47
Age	19–68	40.66 (6.99)	39.89 (6.57)	39.42 (6.53)	40.99 (6.11)	39.57 (7.30)	41.52 (7.33)	41.54 (7.17)	41.98 (7.31)	40.49 (7.85)
Partner	0–1	.92	.90	.91	.88	.87	.95	.97	.91	.94
Education (in years)	2–20	13.51 (2.82)	13.75 (2.66)	13.63 (2.50)	14.07 (2.89)	13.57 (2.75)	13.24 (2.98)	13.33 (3.02)	13.45 (3.07)	12.50 (2.57)
Occupational status (ISEI)	11.74–88.70	55.65 (19.14)	55.49 (19.07)	55.29 (18.00)	54.65 (20.92)	57.70 (19.35)	55.83 (19.22)	55.60 (19.71)	55.32 (19.10)	57.79 (17.85)
Department characteristics
Supervisor is male	0–1	.69	.58	.58	.60	.51	.82	.85	.85	.66
Supervisor has a child	0–1	.56	.52	.53	.52	.44	.62	.65	.63	.48
Size department (log)	0.69–5.88	3.26 (1.17)	3.42 (1.16)	3.69 (1.17)	2.86 (0.84)	3.29 (1.25)	3.09 (1.17)	3.27 (1.04)	2.84 (1.27)	2.84 (1.27)
Organizational characteristics
Size (log)	2.20–8.36	5.74 (1.42)	5.87 (1.46)	6.06 (1.41)	5.25 (1.39)	6.33 (1.40)	5.59 (1.36)	5.40 (1.28)	5.67 (1.45)	6.03 (1.29)
Private	0–1	.63	.48	.39	.63	.57	.79	.74	.89	.76
Sector – Manufacturing		.32	.22	.22	.22	.25	.44	.39	.56	.34
Health care		.18	.30	.42	.17	.09	.05	.07	.04	.04
Higher education		.16	.19	.16	.16	.34	.12	.14	.05	.21
Transportation		.13	.08	.05	.14	.11	.17	.20	.17	.09
Financial services		.12	.13	.12	.15	.14	.10	.13	.07	.09
Telecommunication		.09	.08	.04	.15	.07	.10	.06	.11	.23
Country – NL		.54	.56				.50
Sweden		.31	.28				.34
United Kingdom		.16	.16				.16
Workplace support
Organizational culture	1–5	3.36 (0.96)	3.38 (0.94)	3.27 (0.86)	3.53 (1.05)	3.57 (0.97)	3.34 (0.99)	3.08 (0.94)	3.64 (0.95)	3.53 (1.00)
Managerial support	1–5	3.75 (0.75)	3.71 (0.73)	3.58 (0.68)	3.94 (0.76)	3.75 (0.78)	3.79 (0.76)	3.60 (0.74)	4.08 (0.74)	3.78 (0.68)
Collegial support	1–5	4.27 (0.79)	4.29 (0.76)	4.20 (0.70)	4.69 (0.67)	3.98 (0.85)	4.25 (0.83)	4.01 (0.81)	4.68 (0.66)	4.07 (0.86)

Note: Means and standard deviations reported using the non-imputed dataset.

Table 2. The relationship between part-time work and work-life conflict, for women and men.

	Women (n = 735)				Men (n = 656)
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.
Part-time work (ref: full-time)
Short part-time	−0.34***	(0.09)	−0.73	(0.57)	−0.52**	(0.19)	−0.12	(1.23)
Long part-time	−0.14	(0.09)	−0.82	(0.55)	−0.07	(0.09)	0.60	(0.66)
Respondent characteristics
Age	0.00	(0.00)	0.00	(0.00)	−0.01	(0.00)	−0.01	(0.00)
Partner	0.12	(0.09)	0.11	(0.09)	0.12	(0.12)	0.13	(0.13)
Education (years)	0.04**	(0.01)	0.04**	(0.01)	0.01	(0.02)	0.01	(0.02)
Occupational status (ISEI)	−0.00	(0.00)	−0.00	(0.00)	0.00	(0.00)	0.00	(0.00)
Department characteristics
Supervisor is male	−0.10	(0.07)	−0.09	(0.07)	0.16	(0.11)	0.16	(0.11)
Supervisor has a child	−0.02	(0.07)	−0.01	(0.07)	−0.03	(0.08)	−0.03	(0.08)
Size department (log)	0.09*	(0.04)	0.09*	(0.04)	−0.03	(0.03)	−0.03	(0.03)
Organizational characteristics
Size (log)	−0.03	(0.03)	−0.03	(0.03)	0.00	(0.02)	−0.00	(0.02)
Private	−0.06	(0.14)	−0.09	(0.14)	−0.19	(0.14)	−0.19	(0.14)
Sector	Included		Included		Included		Included
Country	Included		Included		Included		Included
Workplace support
Supportive culture	−0.05	(0.04)	0.04	(0.06)	−0.01	(0.04)	0.00	(0.04)
Managerial support	−0.41***	(0.05)	−0.48***	(0.07)	−0.48***	(0.05)	−0.47***	(0.05)
Collegial support	0.03	(0.04)	−0.05	(0.07)	0.05	(0.05)	0.06	(0.05)
Interactions
Part-time work – Supportive culture (ref: full-time)
Short part-time			−0.19*	(0.08)			−0.15	(0.19)
Long part-time			−0.13	(0.09)			−0.06	(0.09)
Part-time work – Managerial support (ref: full-time)
Short part-time			0.15	(0.10)			0.19	(0.28)
Long part-time			0.09	(0.11)			−0.11	(0.13)
Part-time work – Collegial support (ref: full-time)
Short part-time			0.12	(0.10)			−0.13	(0.22)
Long part-time			0.18	(0.10)			−0.02	(0.11)
Constant	3.28***	(0.48)	3.53***	(0.58)	4.04***	(0.52)	3.97***	(0.53)

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Figure 1. Relation between working part-time and work-life conflict, for women in the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom and men in the Netherlands, coefficients and confidence intervals. Note: presented coefficients result from the final models (without interactions), which are presented as model 1 in Table A1.

Table A1. The relationship between part-time work and work-life conflict, for women in the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom and men in the Netherlands.

	NL – women (n = 413)				Sweden – women (n = 208)				UK – women (n = 114)				NL – men (n = 331)
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.
Part-time work
Short part-time	−0.37**	(0.14)	0.62	(1.23)	−0.04	(0.25)	0.98	(2.88)	−0.53**	(0.18)	0.07	(1.28)	−0.71***	(0.21)	−2.62	(1.40)
Long part-time	−0.25	(0.14)	0.88	(1.21)	0.08	(0.19)	0.04	(1.55)	−0.19	(0.23)	−0.37	(2.06)	−0.01	(0.11)	0.32	(0.80)
Respondent characteristics
Age	0.01	(0.01)	0.01	(0.01)	0.00	(0.01)	0.00	(0.01)	−0.02	(0.02)	−0.02	(0.02)	−0.00	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)
Partner	0.13	(0.08)	0.14	(0.08)	0.09	(0.18)	0.09	(0.18)	0.34	(0.42)	0.33	(0.39)	−0.10	(0.26)	−0.15	(0.29)
Education (years)	0.06**	(0.02)	0.06**	(0.02)	0.06**	(0.02)	0.07**	(0.03)	−0.03	(0.04)	−0.03	(0.04)	0.02	(0.02)	0.02	(0.02)
Occupational status (ISEI)	−0.00	(0.00)	−0.00	(0.00)	0.00	(0.00)	0.00	(0.00)	0.01	(0.01)	0.01	(0.01)	−0.00	(0.00)	−0.00	(0.00)
Department characteristics
Supervisor is male	−0.07	(0.08)	−0.07	(0.08)	−0.11	(0.16)	−0.12	(0.16)	0.01	(0.21)	0.05	(0.24)	0.18	(0.15)	0.16	(0.15)
Supervisor has a child	−0.01	(0.07)	−0.01	(0.07)	−0.01	(0.14)	−0.01	(0.15)	0.17	(0.23)	0.13	(0.22)	0.04	(0.09)	0.04	(0.10)
Size department (log)	0.07	(0.04)	0.08**	(0.04)	−0.02	(0.08)	−0.02	(0.08)	0.34**	(0.12)	0.33**	(0.12)	−0.07	(0.05)	−0.08	(0.05)
Organizational characteristics
Size (log)	−0.02	(0.03)	−0.02	(0.03)	0.04	(0.05)	0.04	(0.05)	−0.16	(0.10)	−0.13	(0.11)	−0.08	(0.04)	−0.09**	(0.04)
Private	−0.01	(0.17)	−0.03	(0.17)	−0.24	(0.19)	−0.23	(0.21)	−0.63	(0.51)	−0.56	(0.53)	−0.12	(0.18)	−0.14	(0.20)
Sector	Included		Included		Included		Included		Included		Included		Included		Included
Workplace support
Supportive culture	−0.08	(0.04)	0.04	(0.16)	0.02	(0.06)	0.01	(0.08)	0.14	(0.14)	0.26	(0.19)	−0.04	(0.05)	−0.02	(0.06)
Managerial support	−0.29***	(0.06)	−0.02	(0.24)	−0.57***	(0.09)	−0.52***	(0.10)	−0.53***	(0.10)	−0.59***	(0.13)	−0.42***	(0.07)	−0.38***	(0.08)
Collegial support	0.10**	(0.05)	0.00	(0.23)	−0.05	(0.08)	−0.08	(0.11)	−0.05	(0.12)	0.05	(0.18)	0.00	(0.06)	−0.05	(0.07)
Interactions
Part-time work – Supportive culture (ref: full-time)
Short part-time			−0.14	(0.17)			−0.30	(0.27)			−0.23	(0.18)			0.07	(0.22)
Long part-time			−0.13	(0.17)			0.05	(0.14)			−0.23	(0.29)			−0.06	(0.10)
Part-time work – Managerial support (ref: full-time)
Short part-time			−0.24	(0.25)			−0.31	(0.30)			0.30	(0.28)			0.16	(0.27)
Long part-time			−0.32	(0.25)			−0.09	(0.22)			0.04	(0.32)			−0.27	(0.17)
Part-time work – Collegial support (ref: full-time)
Short part-time			0.08	(0.24)			0.26	(0.63)			−0.21	(0.20)			0.26	(0.19)
Long part-time			0.10	(0.24)			0.05	(0.27)			0.20	(0.48)			0.19	(0.13)
Constant	2.09***	(0.48)	1.19	(1.13)	3.61***	(1.00)	3.62**	(1.19)	4.60**	(1.83)	3.81	(2.29)	4.62***	(0.79)	4.86***	(0.82)

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.

Table A2. The relationship between part-time work (short and long part-time work taken together) and work-life conflict, by gender and country.

	Women						Men
	NL (n = 413)		Sweden (n = 208)		UK (n = 114)		NL (n = 331)		Sweden (n = 221)		UK (n = 104)
	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.
Part-time work	−0.30**	(0.13)	0.03	(0.15)	−0.41**	(0.18)	−0.12	(0.11)	−0.07	(0.18)	−0.20	(0.51)
Respondent characteristics
Age	0.01	(0.01)	0.00	(0.01)	−0.02	(0.02)	−0.01	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)	−0.01	(0.01)
Partner	0.12	(0.08)	0.09	(0.18)	0.35	(0.41)	−0.04	(0.27)	0.27	(0.17)	−0.24	(0.37)
Education (years)	0.06***	(0.02)	0.06**	(0.02)	−0.04	(0.03)	0.02	(0.02)	−0.00	(0.03)	0.01	(0.05)
Occupational status (ISEI)
Department characteristics
Supervisor is male	−0.00	(0.00)	0.00	(0.00)	0.01	(0.01)	−0.00	(0.00)	0.00	(0.00)	0.01	(0.01)
Supervisor has a child	−0.08	(0.08)	−0.11	(0.16)	0.02	(0.22)	0.23	(0.16)	0.18	(0.17)	−0.28	(0.36)
Size department (log)	−0.02	(0.07)	−0.00	(0.14)	0.22	(0.22)	0.03	(0.10)	0.04	(0.13)	−0.29	(0.22)
Organizational characteristics
Size (log)	0.07	(0.04)	−0.02	(0.08)	0.35**	(0.12)	−0.08	(0.05)	0.01	(0.06)	0.16	(0.10)
Private	−0.02	(0.03)	0.04	(0.05)	−0.16	(0.11)	−0.07	(0.04)	0.08**	(0.04)	0.12	(0.08)
Sector	Included		Included		Included		Included		Included		Included
Workplace support
Supportive culture	−0.08	(0.04)	0.01	(0.06)	0.12	(0.14)	−0.05	(0.05)	−0.03	(0.06)	0.10	(0.10)
Managerial support	−0.28***	(0.06)	−0.57***	(0.09)	−0.53***	(0.11)	−0.42***	(0.07)	−0.50***	(0.07)	−0.55**	(0.20)
Collegial support	0.09	(0.05)	−0.06	(0.08)	−0.08	(0.12)	0.00	(0.06)	0.12	(0.10)	0.26**	(0.09)
Constant	2.10***	(0.48)	3.60***	(1.00)	4.77**	(1.75)	4.73***	(0.83)	3.44***	(0.91)	1.55	(1.52)

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.