A multi-level and multi-actor approach to risk governance: a conceptual framework to support policy development for Ambrosia weed control

Figures & data

Figure 1. The mutual relationships and roles of causal actors, managing actors and affected actors.

Figure 2. Public and private good characteristics of Ambrosia control (adapted from Oude Lansink 2011).

Table 1. Inventory of causal, affected and managing actors across different target levels (based on Bullock et al. 2010).

Level targeted	Causal actors	Affected actors	Managing actors
Supranational	• International (bird) seed producers and retailers	• International seed businesses	• Supranational organisations such as the European Union (EU) • International research institutes
Country/subnational	• Trading companies • Seed producers and retailers • National (bird) seed producers and retailers • Botanical gardens and national parks • Gardening companies • Public road workers	• Trading companies • Governments • Health insurance firms • Botanical gardens and national parks • Farmer and rural communities • Garden centres • Gardening companies • Tourist sector	• Local and regional government institutions • National and regional health services • Nature conservation organisations • Allergy-sufferer interest organisations • Botanical gardens and national parks • Construction companies • Gardening companies
Individual	• Farmers and other rural landowners • Tourists • Researchers	• Farmers and other rural landowners • Citizens • Tourists	• Farmers and other rural landowners • Citizens

Table 2. Management strategies at different levels.

Level targeted	Public sector management options	Public–Private management options	Private sector management options
Supranational	• Prevention
Country/subnational	• Eradication • Monitoring • Prevention • Awareness raising	• Eradication • Monitoring • Awareness raising	• Monitoring • Prevention • Awareness raising
Individual			• Eradication • Monitoring • Prevention

Oude Lansink, A. 2011. “Public and Private Roles in Plant Health Management.” Food Policy 36 (2): 166–170.10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.10.006

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Bullock, J. M., D. Chapman, S. Schafer, D. Roy, M. Girardello, T. Haynes, S. Beal et al. 2010. Assessing and Controlling the Spread and the Effects of Common Ambrosia in Europe. Swindon: Natural Environment Research Council.

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