Involving community members in preparedness and resiliency involves bi-directional and iterative communication and actions: a case study of vulnerable populations in New Jersey following superstorm Sandy

Abstract

Recent increases in hurricanes and other weather events have brought to light the importance of understanding what people think should be done to improve recovery and resiliency in their communities. While most studies focus only on perceptions of concerns, effects, medical issues and personal preparedness, herein subjects in New Jersey were interviewed to determine future actions they intend to follow, the actions they think agencies or others should be taking, and present a conceptual model for involvement of vulnerable community members in their own protection for future catastrophic events. The emphasis was on government and community actions. It is a bottom-up approach rather than a top-down approach to reduction of future risk. The case study involved subjects interviewed immediately following Sandy (general affected public; N = 756) and 2–3 years after Sandy (vulnerable population, N = 586). Concerns of subjects within 100 days related to friends family, safety and survival, food and water and medical concerns as well as recovery, repairs on their property, and community safety. Two to three years later, subjects remembered being significantly more concerned about family, friends, safety and survival, food and water and medical concerns than subjects interviewed within 100 days. Memories (or concern) also faded with respect to future preparedness; significantly more subjects interviewed 2–3 years after Sandy were going to do nothing, were less concerned about protecting family, community, and possessions than subjects interviewed within 100 days of Sandy. In contrast, the same percentage were going to evacuate and buy supplies, so it is not just a matter of forgetting the whole event. The data from open-ended questions indicated that subjects believed that recovery and preparation for a future severe storm event involved complicated and iterative activities of many different individuals, organizations, and governmental agencies. Thus we present an iterative, interactive model, and provide examples of how subjects viewed the interactions necessary to provide resiliency to their communities. We discuss the value-added of a bottoms-up approach to understanding risk reduction, preparedness and resiliency.

Keywords:

• Conceptual model
• community involvement
• risks
• perceptions
• hurricanes
• Superstorm Sandy
• preparedness
• stakeholders

Acknowledgments

The first study was partially supported by an NIEHS Center of Excellence (CEED, P30ES005022). The second study was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Preparedness and Response Research to Aid Recovery from Hurricane Sandy (CDC-RFA-13-001) grant to New Jersey Department of Health, which included collaboration with the New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey Department of Human Services, the Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, and the NIEHS Center. Both were supported by Rutgers University. The project and protocol were approved by the New Jersey Primary Care Association (NJPCA), the Directors of the participating Federally Qualified Health Centers, the Rutgers Institutional Review Board (Protocol E14-319, Notice of Exemption), and the New Jersey Department of Health. We thank K. Grant Davis (then CEO of New Jersey Primary Care Association), the Executive Board, and the Center Directors and staff of the Federally Qualified Health Centers for allowing the interviewing of their patients, as well as Clarimel Cepeda, Marta Hernandez, Ahmend Nezar, Alan Perez, and Ana Quintero for aid in interviewing, and all those patients who consented to be interviewed. This article represents the views of the authors, and not the funding agencies or the NJPCA.

Disclosure statement

The authors have no potential conflict of interest.