Security interventions and perceived safety and threat following workplace terrorism: a three-wave longitudinal study of ministerial employees in Norway

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participating ministerial employees across data collection points after the 22 July 2011, terrorist attack in Oslo, Norway.

	T1			T2			T3
	n	Avg. (SD)		n	Avg. (SD)		n	Avg. (SD)
Age	1493	46.0 (11.0)		1289	47.3 (10.7)		1009	48.6 (10.4)
	n	%		n	%		n	%
Sex
Male	588	39.4		501	38.9		406	40.2
Female	905	60.6		788	61.1		603	59.8
Total	1493	100.0		1289	100.0		1009	100.0
Education
≤16 years	401	26.9		355	27.6		295	29.2
> 16 years	1091	73.1		933	72.4		714	70.8
Total	1492	100.0		1288	100.0		1008	100.0

Table 2. Outcome and predictor distribution across data collection points for participating ministerial employees after the 22 July 2011, terrorist attack in Oslo, Norway.

	T1		T2		T3
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Feel safe at work
1 = disagree	56	3.8	38	2.9	17	1.7
2	104	7.0	80	6.2	38	3.8
3	181	12.1	186	14.4	92	9.1
4	468	31.4	432	33.5	312	31.0
5 = agree	681	45.7	553	42.9	548	54.4
Total	1490	100.0	1289	100.0	1007	100.0
Fear new attack at work
1 = disagree	831	55.8	577	44.8	492	48.7
2	410	27.5	425	33.0	307	30.4
3	163	10.9	185	14.4	144	14.3
4	62	4.2	76	5.9	48	4.8
5 = agree	24	1.6	24	1.9	18	1.8
Total	1490	100.0	1287	100.0	1009	100.0
Security interventions interfere with work
1 = disagree	908	61.2			599	59.6
2	351	23.6			246	24.5
3	155	10.4			107	10.7
4	47	3.2			43	4.3
5 = agree	24	1.6			9	0.9
Total	1485	100.0			1004	100.0
Security interventions affect well-being
1 = disagree	851	57.3			539	53.9
2	324	21.8			241	24.1
3	197	13.3			133	13.3
4	82	5.5			72	7.2
5 = agree	32	2.2			15	1.5
Total	1486	100.0			1000	100.0
Visible security measures
1 = least	324	21.7	467	36.2	462	45.8
2	872	58.4	424	32.9	424	42.0
3 = most	297	19.9	398	30.9	123	12.2
Total	1493	100.0	1289	100.0	1009	100.0
Escape- and evacuation training
1 = least	709	62.0	343	35.3	502	54.9
2	137	12.0	411	42.3	413	45.1
3 = most	297	26.0	217	22.3	0	0.0
Total	1143	100.0	971	100.0	915	100.0

Table 3. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals of increasing perceived safety at work, by extent of security measures and escape- and evacuation training in ministerial employees after the 22nd of July terrorist attack in Oslo, Norway in 2011.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	Unadjusted ORs (n=see^a)	Adjusted ORs (n = 1588)	Confounder adjusted ORs (n = 1586)	Full model ORs (n = 1586)
Visible security measures	1.15***	1.17***	1.18***	1.12
	[1.10 to 1.21]	[1.11 to 1.24]	[1.12 to 1.25]	[0.99 to 1.27]
Escape- and evacuation training	0.83*	0.83*	0.87	1.04
	[0.71 to 0.97]	[0.71 to 0.97]	[0.71 to 1.07]	[0.84 to 1.30]
Exposure ministry personnel			0.93***	0.93***
			[0.90 to 0.97]	[0.90 to 0.97]
Damage to ministry offices			1.00	1.00
			[1.00 to 1.01]	[0.99 to 1.01]
Age			1.01	1.01
(per one-year increase)			[1.00 to 1.02]	[1.00 to 1.02]
Sex			0.46***	0.46***
(female compared to males)			[0.35 to 0.61]	[0.34 to 0.62]
Education			1.40*	1.30*
(>16 years compared to <16 years)			[1.03 to 1.92]	[1.02 to 1.64]
Time (T1 as baseline)
T2				0.78
				[0.58 to 1.05]
T3				1.36
				[0.85 to 2.18]

Odds ratios (ORs) indicate the odds of feeling more compared to less safe at work per one-unit increase in a given predictor, regardless of the chosen cut-off point to dichotomize the five-category scale for perceived safety. ORs were estimated through multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic regression.

95% confidence intervals in brackets.

*p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.

^aThere were 1845 employees with data on security measures and 1588 with data on escape- and evacuation training

Table 4. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals of increasing perceived threat at work by extent of security measures and escape- and evacuation training in ministerial employees after the 22nd of July terrorist attack in Oslo, Norway in 2011.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4^b
	Unadjusted ORs (n = see^a)	Adjusted ORs (n = 1588)	Confounder adjusted ORs (n = 1586)	Full model ORs (n = 1586)
Visible security measures	1.11***	1.06*	1.12***	0.94
	[1.05 to 1.16]	[1.00 to 1.13]	[1.05 to 1.19]	[0.82 to 1.08]
Escape- and evacuation training	0.94	0.95	1.25	0.90
	[0.78 to 1.13]	[0.79 to 1.15]	[0.99 to 1.57]	[0.68 to 1.19]
Exposure ministry personnel			1.05*	1.06**
			[1.01 to 1.10]	[1.02 to 1.11]
Damage to ministry offices			0.98***	0.99*
			[0.98 to 0.99]	[0.98 to 1.00]
Age			0.98	0.98
(per one-year increase)			[0.97 to 1.00]	[0.97 to 1.00]
Sex			1.02	1.03
(female compared to males)			[0.72 to 1.45]	[0.72 to 1.49]
Education			0.58**	0.71*
(>16 years compared to <16 years)			[0.39 to 0.86]	[0.52 to 0.95]
Time (T1 as baseline)
T2				2.54***
				[1.82 to 3.55]
T3				1.85*
				[1.10 to 3.09]

Odds ratios (ORs) indicate the odds of feeling more compared to less threaten at work per one-unit increase in a given predictor, regardless of the chosen cut-off point to dichotomize the five-category scale for perceived threat. ORs were estimated through multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic regression.

95% confidence intervals in brackets.

* p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

^aThere were 1844 employees with data on security measures and 1588 with data on escape- and evacuation training.

^bRandom slope was added for escape- and evacuation training.

Table 5. Association (odds ratios, OR, with 95% confidence intervals) between extent of security interventions and ministerial employees’ perceptions of how much interventions interfere with work and affect well-being after the 22nd of July terrorist attack in Oslo, Norway in 2011.

	Interfere with work		Affect well-being at work
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	Adjusted ORs (n = 1464)	Full model ORs (n = 1463)	Adjusted ORs (n = 1465)	Full model ORs (n = 1464)
Visible security measures	1.03	1.03	1.05	1.17*
	[0.98 to 1.09]	[0.91 to 1.17]	[0.99 to 1.11]	[1.03 to 1.33]
Escape- and evacuation training	1.23*	0.94	1.30**	0.99
	[1.04 to 1.45]	[0.76 to 1.16]	[1.09 to 1.55]	[0.79 to 1.24]
Exposure ministry personnel		1.03		1.00
		[0.99 to 1.06]		[0.97 to 1.04]
Damage to ministry offices		1.01**		1.01**
		[1.00 to 1.01]		[1.00 to 1.01]
Age		1.00		1.00
(per one-year increase)		[0.98 to 1.01]		[0.99 to 1.01]
Sex		0.56***		0.45***
(female compared to males)		[0.43 to 0.73]		[0.34 to 0.60]
Education		0.98		1.34
(>16 years compared to <16 years)		[0.72 to 1.32]		[0.98 to 1.84]
Time		0.81		0.53**
(T3 compared to T1)		[0.50 to 1.32]		[0.33 to 0.86]

Odds ratios (ORs) indicate the odds of a one-category increase in the dependent variables per one-unit increase in a given predictor, regardless of the chosen cut-off point to dichotomize the five-category dependent variables (both scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = disagree to 5 = agree). ORs were estimated through multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic regression.

95% confidence intervals in brackets.

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Figure 1. Flowchart of participating ministerial employees through the study after the 22 July 2011, terrorist attack in Oslo Norway.