Developing cognate awareness through pedagogical translanguaging

Figures & data

Table 1. Student background information.

Pair	Students	Gender	L1
Experimental group
1-E	Mikel-Nerea	M-F	Basque-Basque
2-E	Beñat-Eider	M-F	Spanish-Spanish
3-E	Iker-Malen	M-F	Spanish-Spanish
4-E	Alex-Itsaso	M-F	Spanish-Spanish
5-E	Borja-Eneritz	M-F	Spanish-Spanish
6-E	Urko-Joanes	M-M	Spanish-Spanish
Control group
7-C	Aitana-Garazi	F-F	Basque-Basque
8-C	Manex-Haizea	M-F	Spanish-Spanish
9-C	Ekhi-Xabi	M-M	Basque-Basque
10-C	Jon-Erika	M-F	Basque-Spanish
11-C	Ibon-Unai	M-M	Spanish-Basque
12-C	Peru-Miren	M-F	Spanish-Spanish

Table 2. Orthographic and semantic transparency.

English	Spanish	Basque	NLD Spanish	NLD Basque	Semantic
1. Antarctica(n)	Antártida	Antartika	.20	.20	yes
2. Location (n)	Localización	Lokalizazio	.42	.64	no
3. Continent (n)	Continente	Kontinente	.10	.20	yes
4. Covered (v)	Cubierto	–	.62	–	no
5. Scientist (n)	Científico	Zientzialari	.50	.67	yes
6. Study (v)	Estudiar	Estudiatu	.50	.55	no
7. Climate (n)	Clima	Klima	.29	.43	yes
8. Land (n)	–	Landa	-	.20	yes
9. Dinosaur (n)	Dinosaurio	Dinosauro	.20	.11	yes
10. Fossil (n)	Fósil	Fosil	.17	.17	yes
11. Discovered (v)	Descubierto	–	.54		yes
12. Island (n)	Isla	Irla	.33	.50	yes
13. Glacier (n)	Glaciar	Glaziar	.14	.29	yes

Table 3. Identification of cognates according to the L1.

	Spanish L1 (7 pairs)		Basque L1 (3 pairs)
Cognates in Spanish	43/84	51.2%	24/36	66.6%
Cognates in Basque	40/77	51.9%	22/33	66.6%

Table 4. Number of cognates identified.

English	Spanish cognates	Basque cognates
1. Antarctica(n)	11	11
2. Location (n)	2	0
3. Continent (n)	12	10
4. Covered (v)	0	–
5. Scientist (n)	9	8
6. Study (v)	7	1
7. Climate (n)	10	9
8. Land (n)	–	0
9. Dinosaur (n)	12	12
10. Fossil (n)	12	10
11. Discovered (v)	1	–
12. Island (n)	9	6
13. Glacier (n)	10	8
Total	95 65.9% Max = 144	75 56.8% Max = 132

Table 5. Cognate identification by student pairs in the experimental and control groups.

	Experimental		Control
	M	SD	M	SD	U	P
Spanish (max = 12)	8.33	1.96	7.50	2.74	17.00	.86
Basque (max = 11)	6.83	2.56	5.67	2.42	11.50	.28