Introducing the Scale of Perceived Affect Response to Online Worship (SPAROW): a psychometric assessment of ritual innovation during the pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample profiles.

	Church of England	Roman Catholic
	N = 2017	N = 1713
	%	%
Sex
Male	44.6	34.0
Female	55.4	66.0
Age
20s	1.5	6.3
30s	4.1	8.7
40s	9.5	14.3
50s	20.1	24.0
60s	33.8	24.4
70s	26.2	19.0
80s+	4.8	3.4
Location
Rural	36.8	16.5
Town	31.4	34.8
Suburban	24.2	37.3
Inner city	7.6	11.3
Status
Lay	64.0	93.5
Ordained	36.0	6.5

Figure 1. Model diagram for CFA using Structural Equation Modelling.

Note: *Items reverse coded in the scale.

Table 2. Scale of Perceived Affect Response for Online Worship (SPAROW) properties for Church of England sample.

	Pre-recorded				Live-streamed
	N = 1238				N = 1492
	CITC	% AG	% NC	% DA	CITC	% AG	% NC	% DA
Energised	.78	45	28	27	.79	50	25	25
Inspired	.76	51	27	22	.78	50	28	22
Fulfilled	.75	36	35	30	.76	38	33	29
Detached^a	.75	41	19	41	.73	33	20	47
Unmoved^a	.76	24	22	54	.79	23	20	57
Distracted^a	.63	33	25	43	.68	31	24	45

^a These items were reverse coded. CITC = Corrected Item-Total Correlation; AG = Agree (combining Strongly agree and Agree); NC = Not certain; DA = Disagree (combining Strongly disagree and Disagree).

Table 3. Model fit indices for the CFA using Roman Catholics who accessed pre-recorded (n = 411) or live-streamed (n = 1284) online worship.

	CMIN/DF	CFI	RMSEA	LO90	HI90	PCLOSE
Pre-recorded	3.298	.989	.076	.041	.115	.103
Live-streamed	2.426	.998	.034	.012	.057	.864

Note: CMIN/DF = Chi-squared adjusted for degrees of freedom, CFI = Comparative Fit Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, LO90 and HI90 = 90% confidence limits, PCLOSE = probability that RMSEA > .05. Well-fitted models are indicated by CMIN/DF < 5, CFI close to 1, and RMSEA < .05 (Byrne, 2010).

Table 4. SPAROW scale properties for four sub-samples used in the analyses.

	N	Min.	Max.	Mean (SD)	Skewness	Kurtosis
Church of England
Pre-recorded	1238	0	28	13.2 (5.2)	−.21	−.39
Live-streamed	1492	0	29	13.6 (5.4)	−.28	−.42
Roman Catholic
Pre-recorded	411	1	28	15.3 (5.1)	−.33	−.10
Live-streamed	1284	0	29	14.9 (5.4)	−.31	−.29

Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.

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