Beyond recognition: beliefs, attitudes, and help-seeking for depression and schizophrenia in Ghana

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics for participants (N = 410).

			Frequency	Percent (%)
Gender	Male		266	6.55
	Female		138	3.40
	Prefer not to specify		2	0.05
		Total	406	10
Religious Affiliation	Christian		391	9.65
	Muslim		13	0.32
	Traditional		1	0.03
		Total	405	10
Salary Range	GHS500 – below ($100 – below)		88	2.60
	GHS500 – GHS1000 ($100 – $200)		70	2.10
	GHS1000 – GHS2000 ($200 – $400)		112	3.40
	GHS2000 – GHS5000 ($400 – $1000)		49	1.50
	GHS5000 – above ($1000 – above)		15	0.40
		Total	334	10
Education	Junior High School leavers (JHS)		2	0.05
	Senior High School Graduates (vocation/technical)		39	1.00
	Diploma/HND (Teaching and nursing training college/polytechnics)		71	1.80
	Bachelor’s degree/ Higher National Diploma (HND) holders		226	5.70
	Master’s degree		55	1.40
	PhD		5	0.05
		Total	398	10

Table 2. Correlation matrix for the causes, help-seeking and stigmatisation of depression and schizophrenia (N = 410).

	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10		11		12		13
Help-seeking variables
1. Professional	–		.65	***	−-.19	***	.23	***	.18	***	−.20	***	−.21	***	−.10	*	.03		.30	***	.11	*	.04		.09
2. Social support	.47	***	–		.12	*	.28	***	.17	***	−.04		−.07		−.05		.15	**	.05		.07		.02		.06
3. Spiritual	.23	***	.27	***	–		.03		.17	***	.36	***	.27	***	.20	***	.04		−.14	**	−.13	*	−.03		−.02
Casual variables
4. Psychosocial	.22	***	.23	***	.07		–		.48	***	−.01		.04		.17	***	.12	*	.10	*	.04		.01		−.01
5. Biological	.17	***	.05		.16	***	.20	***	–		.12	*	.06		.08		.01		.04		−.03		−.06		−.03
6. Spiritual	−.08		.02		.28	***	.03		.25	***	–		.34	***	.08		−.07		−.04		−.16	**	−.25	***	−.04
Stigma variables
7. Perceived	.08		.10	*	.08		.22	***	.05		.19	***	–		.42	***	.09		−.10	*	−.12	*	−.08		−.06
8. Personal	.22	***	.24	***	−.02		.22	***	.08		−.01		.27	***	–		.19	***	−.06		−.09		−.05		−.10	*
9. Social	.18	***	.23	***	−.01		.10	*	−.03		−.08		.06		.26	***	–		−.06		.02		.06		.04
Sociodemographic variables
10. Religiosity	.18	***	.12	*	.01		.11	*	−.01		−.11	*	.04		.02		.12	*	–		.06		−.02		−.09
11. Education	.08		.05		−.07		.06		−.05		−.12	*	−.11	*	−.01		.06		.06		–		.48	***	.10	*
12. Age	.06		−.06		−.05		.02		−.02		−.12	*	−.07		−.10		.04		−.02		.48	***	–		.17	***
13. Gender (men = 1)	−.03		.02		−.01		−.01		−.05		−.04		.02		−.01		.07		−.09		.10	*	.17	***	–

Note: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Below diagonal – coefficients for depression, and above diagonal – coefficients for schizophrenia.

Table 3. Standardized estimates from the general linear models for the predictors of help-seeking for depression and schizophrenia (N = 410).

	Help-seeking for depression			Help-seeking for schizophrenia
	Professional	Social support	Spiritual	Professional	Social support	Spiritual
Causes variables
Psychosocial	.15**	.17**	.03	.16**	.22***	−.06
Biological	.16**	−.01	.07	.12*	.06	.15**
Spiritual	−.09	.05	.27***	−.15**	.01	.34***
Stigma variables
Perceived	.17**	.18***	−.03	−.06	−.08	.12*
Personal	.01	−.01	.01	−.13*	−.08	.07
Social	.09	.14**	.02	.04	.15**	.02
Sociodemographic variables
Religiosity	.16**	.07	.05	.27***	.04	−.09
Education	.06	.11	−.04	.05	.07	−.09
Age	.04	−.09	−.01	−.05	−.03	.11*
Gender (men = 1)	−.01	.03	.01	.09	.04	−.01
R^2	.16	.14	.09	.22	.11	.22

Note: *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.