Public stigma toward women, mothers and non-mothers, with serious mental illness in Jewish Ultraorthodox society

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic data of the participants (n = 150).

	Category	N	%	M(SD)
Gender	Men	66	44
	Women	84	56
Marital status	Single	50	33.3
	Married	92	61.3
	Widow/divorcee	8	5.3
Education	Elementary	3	2
	High School	3	2
	Yeshiva/Seminary	46	30.7
	College/University	91	60.7
	Kollel*	3	2
	Other	4	2.7
Age (years)				29.43 (10.24)
Community affiliation	Lithuanians	69	46
	Hasidim	17	11.3
	Mizrahim	22	14.7
	Modern Ultraorthodox	26	17.3
	Other	16	10.7
Parenthood	Yes	87	58
	No	63	42
Contact with a person with SMI**	Yes	112	74.7
	No	38	25.3

*Kollel: An Ultraorthodox framework for Torah study after marriage.

**Contact: Yes includes familial, social, circumstantial (e.g., work place) or coincidental contact.

Table 2. Participants’ attitudes (means, SDs) towards women (mothers and non-mothers) with SMI\without SMI according to the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale (MAS) and Social Distance Scale (SDS) factors.

Factors Range =	With SMI		No SMI		Total
	Mother (n = 41)	Non-mother (n = 40)	Mother (n = 40)	Non-mother (n = 29)	(n = 150)
Negative affect 1–5	2.18 (.76)	2.07 (.72)	1.47 (.56)	1.41 (.56)	1.81 (.74)
Interpersonal stress 1–5	2.48 (.99)	2.38 (.98)	2.07 (.71)	2.27 (.84)	2.31 (.90)
Less Calmness 1–5	3.25 (1.06)	3.01 (1.06)	2.79 (1.09)	3.02 (1.05)	3.02 (1.07)
Fewer positive cognitions 1–5	3.11 (.93)	3.03 (.89)	2.69 (.73)	2.66 (.77)	2.89 (.85)
Distancing behaviour 1–5	2.31 (1.00)	2.28 (1.06)	1.77 (.71)	2.12 (.77)	2.12 (.92)
Social Distance Scale (SDS) 1–4	2.69 (.66)	2.58 (.57)	1.98 (.58)	2.15 (.66)	2.37 (.68)

Figure 1. Main effect for SMI on the Social Distance Scale (SDS).

Figure 2. Main effect for SMI on the factors of the MAS: negative affect, positive cognition, and distancing behaviour. *Positive cognition-high scores mean lower level of positive cognition and vice versa.

Figure 3. An interaction effect between SMI of the target person and parenthood of the observer of SDS.

Figure 4. An interaction effect between of SMI and psychological flexibility (PF) on positive cognition. Note: Positive cognition-high scores mean lower level of positive cognition and vice versa.

Figure 5. Psychological flexibility moderates the interaction between SMI and motherhood, on the hand, with calmness, on the other. Note: Calmness-high scores mean lower levels of calmness and vice versa.

Figure 6. Psychological flexibility moderates the effect of the interaction between SMI and motherhood on positive cognition. Note: Positive cognition – high scores mean lower level of positive cognition and vice versa.

Data availability statements

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.