Support for the political community in a community that doesn’t support you: immigrant youths’ exposure to anti-immigrant attitudes

Figures & data

Table 1. Frequency distribution – National pride index.

	1st generation		2nd generation		Natives
National pride	Frequency	Per cent	Frequency	Per cent	Frequency	Per cent
1 (Low pride)	24	5	21	3	62	1
2	8	2	16	2	40	1
3	32	7	44	6	211	5
4	74	15	90	11	426	9
5	179	37	323	41	1715	37
6	75	15	113	14	839	18
7 (High pride)	98	20	179	23	1281	28
Total	490	100	786	100	4574	100

Note: Samples include first generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants, or natives with two native born parents.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics.

Statistic	N	Mean	St. Dev.	Min	Max
Individual level
National pride	1301	5.141	1.452	1	7
Origin (1 = Foreign-born)	1334	0.388	0.487	0	1
Anti-immigrant attitudes	1310	2.928	2.514	1	16
Teacher treatment (4 = Unfair)	1346	1.923	0.813	1	4
Gender (1 = Girl)	1348	0.487	0.500	0	1
Language (1 = Swedish)	1293	0.300	0.458	0	1
Books (6 = >500)	1347	3.072	1.345	1	6
Class level
Mean anti-immigrant attitudes	1359	3.924	1.313	1.440	9.400
Share of immigrants	1359	16.728	13.025	0	62.500
Mean books	1359	3.430	0.619	2.180	5.110
School level
School type (1 = Private)	1256	0.173	0.378	0	1
Community size (5 = Large city)	1256	3.552	1.028	1	5

Note: Sample including first and second generation immigrants.

Table 3. Effects of contextual hostility on national pride.

	1	2	3	4	5
	Full sample	Full sample	1st gen	2nd gen	1st and 2nd gen
Individual level
AI attitudes	0.003	0.001	−0.068*	−0.047	−0.060**
	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.028)	(0.024)	(0.018)
Teacher treatment (unfair)	−0.301***	−0.298***	−0.556***	−0.336***	−0.418***
	(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.085)	(0.064)	(0.051)
Gender (girl)	−0.044	−0.038	0.310*	0.082	0.170*
	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.133)	(0.103)	(0.082)
Language (Swedish)	0.387***	0.428***	0.146	0.345**	0.278**
	(0.063)	(0.066)	(0.164)	(0.114)	(0.093)
Books	−0.075***	−0.076***	−0.179**	−0.085	−0.130***
	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.068)	(0.047)	(0.038)
Origin (1st generation)	−0.133
	(0.075)
Origin (2nd generation)		−0.016			0.018
		(0.067)			(0.090)
Class level
Mean AI attitudes	−0.032	−0.036	−0.216**	−0.102	−0.154**
	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.069)	(0.057)	(0.059)
Mean books	−0.217***	−0.226***	−0.574**	−0.296*	−0.407***
	(0.058)	(0.059)	(0.188)	(0.124)	(0.103)
Share of immigrants	0.003	−0.006	−0.184	−0.053	−0.090
	(0.028)	(0.028)	(0.096)	(0.066)	(0.056)
Mean AI attitudes x Origin					0.031
					(0.067)
School level
School type (private)	−0.121	−0.117	−0.313	−0.084	−0.128
	(0.069)	(0.069)	(0.210)	(0.153)	(0.123)
Community size	0.013	0.013	−0.039	0.073	0.021
	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.076)	(0.061)	(0.048)
Constant	5.630***	5.576***	6.155***	5.501***	5.774***
	(0.103)	(0.103)	(0.318)	(0.270)	(0.205)
Random intercept	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Random slope	No	No	No	No	Yes
Classes	309	309	178	179	234
Schools	152	152	116	112	137
Observations	5771	5708	422	658	1080
Log Likelihood	−9,648.011	−9,541.909	−713.714	−1,106.665	−1,827.741
Akaike Inf. Crit.	19,326.020	19,113.820	1,455.427	2,241.329	3,687.483
Bayesian Inf. Crit.	19,425.930	19,213.560	1,512.057	2,304.178	3,767.238

Note: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. The samples are limited as follows: models 1–2 includes full sample of students, model 3 includes first generation immigrants, model 4 includes second generation immigrants, model 5 includes first and second-generation immigrants.

Table 4. Effects of contextual hostility on national pride, robustness tests.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
	Natives	1st gen	2nd gen	1st and 2nd gen	1st gen	2nd gen	1st and 2nd gen
Origin (2nd gen)				0.045			0.051
				(0.086)			(0.095)
AI attitudes	0.011	−0.061*	−0.055*	−0.061***	−0.078**	−0.042	−0.065***
	(0.008)	(0.027)	(0.024)	(0.018)	(0.027)	(0.024)	(0.018)
Mean AI attitudes	0.008	−0.198**	−0.103*	−0.177***
	(0.025)	(0.063)	(0.049)	(0.053)
Mean AI attitudes (natives)					−0.151**	−0.055	−0.104*
					(0.048)	(0.039)	(0.046)
Mean AI attitudes x Origin				0.076
				(0.064)
Mean AI attitudes (natives) x Origin							0.026
							(0.058)
Constant	5.997***	5.957***	5.680***	5.764***	6.250***	5.420***	5.774***
	(0.091)	(0.192)	(0.144)	(0.124)	(0.307)	(0.279)	(0.203)
Random intercept	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Random slope	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
Classes	298	194	198	255	167	168	223
Schools	148				111	108	113
Observations	4079	458	713	1171	370	540	910
Log Likelihood	−6,732.744	−781.599	−1,203.278	−1,991.892	−612.629	−903.910	−1,525.299
Akaike Inf. Crit.	13,491.490	1,585.198	2,428.555	4,013.785	1,253.258	1,835.820	3,090.598
Bayesian Inf. Crit.	13,573.560	1,630.594	2,478.820	4,089.769	1,308.047	1,895.902	3,186.867

Note: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Individual and contextual controls included. Model 1 includes a native sample. Models 2–4 excludes school level variables. Models 5–7 includes alternative measurement of the anti-immigrant attitude index, including only the attitudes of natives. The samples are limited as follows: model 1 includes native students, models 2 and 5 includes first generation immigrants, models 3 and 6 includes second generation immigrants, models 4 and 7 includes first and second-generation immigrants.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in figshare at https://figshare.com/articles/_/6974114