Travellers’ willingness to pay and perceived value of time in ride-sharing: an experiment on China

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research framework of a ride-sharing economy.

Figure 2. The value function of prospect theory (Source: Kahneman & Tversky, 1979).

Table 1. The choice experiment on ride-sharing.

Choice sets	Alternative 1	Alternative 2	Alternative 3	Alternative 4
Scenarios 1–2	Work commuting in a residential city / Leisure travel at a tourism destination
Scenarios 3–4	With / Without a reward coupon $1.5
Additional waiting time	30 mins	15 mins	5 mins	0
Extra payment	0	$1.5	$3	$4.5
Choice	□	□	□	□

Note: The fare is $4.5 for a 30-min ride.

Table 2. The residential provinces or municipalities of respondents.

	Frequency	Percentage (%)		Frequency	Percentage (%)
Anhui	15	2.82	Ningxia	35	6.58
Beijing	60	11.27	Qinghai	1	0.19
Chongqing	1	0.19	Shanghai	17	3.20
Fujian	13	2.44	Shaanxi	10	1.88
Gansu	1	0.19	Shanxi	5	0.94
Guangdong	22	4.14	Shandong	76	14.29
Guangxi	18	3.38	Sichuan	19	3.57
Guizhou	5	0.94	Tianjin	4	0.75
Hainan	6	1.13	Tibet	5	0.94
Hebei	4	0.75	Xinjiang	2	0.38
Heilongjiang	6	1.13	Yunnan	4	0.75
Henan	12	2.26	Zhejiang	121	22.74
Hubei	9	1.69	Hong Kong	12	2.26
Inner Mongolia	2	0.38	Macao	1	0.19
Jiangsu	14	2.63	Taiwan	2	0.38
Jiangxi	3	0.56	Foreign countries	21	3.95
Jilin	1	0.19	Total	532	100
Liaoning	5	0.94

Table 3. The characteristic profile of respondents in using Didi ride-sharing.

	Frequency	Percentage (%)		Frequency	Percentage (%)
Gender			Experience
Male	215	40.41	<1 year	90	16.92
Female	317	59.59	≥1 year	442	83.08
Age			Frequency/month
18–29	121	22.74	<1	78	14.66
30–39	278	52.26	≥1	454	85.34
≥40	133	25.00

Table 4. Odds ratio and probability of the ordered logit model of travellers choices.

Variables	Non-rewarded resident	Rewarded resident	Non-rewarded tourist	Rewarded tourist
Gender (Female)
Male	1.107 (0.263)	0.956 (0.125)	1.004 (0.195)	0.846 (0.141)
Age (18–29 years)
30–39 years	1.172 (0.241)	1.070 (0.135)	1.712 (0.307)***	1.541 (0.297)**
≥40 years	2.358 (0.757)***	1.623 (0.423)*	2.431 (0.639)***	1.818 (0.537)**
Frequency (<1 time)
≥1 time/month	1.089 (0.164)	1.322 (0.199)*	1.127 (0.156)	1.319 (0.233)
Experience (<1 year)
≥1 year	1.145 (0.271)	1.247 (0.181)	1.108 (0.194)	1.277 (0.201)
Alternative 1	0.253 (0.015)	0.081 (0.012)	0.187 (0.015)	0.099 (0.013)
Alternative 2	0.424 (0.027)	0.479 (0.019)	0.297 (0.017)	0.348 (0.017)
Alternative 3	0.202 (0.018)	0.278 (0.018)	0.276 (0.018)	0.301 (0.020)
Alternative 4	0.122 (0.012)	0.162 (0.011)	0.240 (0.017)	0.252 (0.018)

Note: It is based on 532 observations with 37 region clusters. ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1.

Figure 3. The travellers’ choices in four contexts.

Table 5. Parameters of the log-normal distributions.

Group	μ	σ	Mean $\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(\mu +{\sigma }^2/2\right)$
Non-rewarded resident	2.092	0.625	9.850
Rewarded resident	2.335	0.484	11.615
Non-rewarded tourist	2.346	0.708	13.418
Rewarded tourist	2.440	0.584	13.599

Figure 4. The travellers’ value of time distributions in four contexts.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185

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