Tourism and Hospitality industry resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from England

Figures & data

Table 1. Respondent locations.

Town/City	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative percent
Bath	20	5.9	5.9
Birmingham	13	3.8	9.7
Blackpool	6	1.8	11.5
Bognor Regis	5	1.5	12.9
Bournemouth	12	3.5	16.5
Bradford	5	1.5	17.9
Brighton	1	0.3	18.2
Bristol	2	0.6	18.8
Cambridge	3	0.9	19.7
Canterbury	18	5.3	25
Chester	7	2.1	27.1
Chichester	6	1.8	28.8
Coventry	2	0.6	29.4
Derby	10	2.9	32.4
Doncaster	4	1.2	33.5
Durham	1	0.3	33.8
Exeter	8	2.4	36.2
Gloucester	9	2.6	38.8
Guildford	3	0.9	39.7
Hemel Hempstead	5	1.5	41.2
Hull	1	0.3	41.5
Ilkley	1	0.3	41.8
Isle of Wight	2	0.6	42.4
Kendal	2	0.6	42.9
Leamington Spa	6	1.8	44.7
Leeds	14	4.1	48.8
Leicester	5	1.5	50.3
Liverpool	26	7.6	57.9
London	19	5.6	63.5
Manchester	1	0.3	63.8
Minehead	2	0.6	64.4
Northampton	8	2.4	66.8
Norwich	7	2.1	68.8
Nottingham	2	0.6	69.4
Plymouth	3	0.9	70.3
Portsmouth	15	4.4	74.7
Preston	14	4.1	78.8
Salisbury	7	2.1	80.9
Southampton	6	1.8	82.6
Southend-on-Sea	12	3.5	86.2
Tunbridge Wells	7	2.1	88.2
Warwick	1	0.3	88.5
Wolverhampton	5	1.5	90
Worcester	8	2.4	92.4
Worksop	6	1.8	94.1
York	20	5.9	100
Total	340	100

Table 2. Variables included in the business resilience composite score.

Variables	Question	Note	Anticipated direction of effect
Business Size	Number of staff employed in full-time equivalent (FTE) units (Sole trader, 1–9 FTEs, 10–49 FTEs, 50–249 FTEs, 250+ FTEs)	Transformed into 3-scale variable, Businesses under 10 FTEs are considered micro businesses, 10–49 FTEs as small, 50–249 FTEs as medium	Smaller businesses have increased vulnerability (Song et al., 2016)
Business Situation	Please choose one of the following that applies to your current situation	Businesses ceased trading were excluded from the analysis – 3-scale variable (Closed but operating, Closed and not operating, Open and operating)	Businesses not operating at any capacity most vulnerable
Impact on Turnover	Can you give an estimate (%) of the impact on takings for your business in comparison with the same period last year?	Comparison to the period of March–April 2019 vs 2020 – 10-scale variable, starting from 81% to 100% decrease to more than 100% increase	Loss of turnover increases vulnerability
Cease Trading Estimation	How long would the current lockdown need to last before you (or someone else) would take the decision to permanently cease trading from the premises?	6-scale variable (0–2 weeks, 3–4 weeks, 1–2 months, 3–4 months, 4–6 months, more than 6-months), with I don't know/not my decision as missing variable	Less resilient if cannot hold for longer time without income (Webb et al., 2002)
Eligibility for Government Assistance (Over 51 K Rateable Value)	If you have not applied for any of the Government’s business assistance measures, why is this?	2-scale variable, not eligible/eligible for businesses with over 51 K Rateable Value	Not eligible businesses increase vulnerability
Additional Assistance Needed	Are you considering any other forms of financial assistance?	2-scale variable, yes/no	Businesses seeking additional assistance more likely to fail in the future
Financial Resources	With no additional income, how long would your financial resources cover your ongoing costs for the business?	6-scale variable (0–2 weeks, 3–4 weeks, 1–2 months, 3–4 months, 4–6 months, more than 6-months), with I don't know/not my decision as missing variable	Fewer financial reserves increase vulnerability (Bank of England, 2020)
Renting premises	Do you rent your premises?	2-scale variable, yes/no	Renting premises reduces fiscal resources thus increasing vulnerability (Song et al., 2016)

Table 3. Mean scores, sample sizes and standard deviations of variables.

Variables	Tourism-Dependent Businesses		Manufacturing Businesses		Retail Businesses		Other Hospitality, Leisure & Entertainment Businesses		Professional Services Businesses		Health & Education Businesses		Personal Services & Other Businesses		Total Businesses
	Mean (N)	Std. Deviation	Mean (N)	Std. Deviation	Mean (N)	Std. Deviation	Mean (N)	Std. Deviation	Mean (N)	Std. Deviation	Mean (N)	Std. Deviation	Mean (N)	Std. Deviation	Mean (N)	Std. Deviation
Business Size	0.851 (340)	0.24427	0.8333 (22)	0.24427	0.9192 (293)	0.2138	0.807 (19)	0.24427	0.8528 (188)	0.2138	0.807 (38)	0.24427	0.9425 (116)	0.2138	0.8786 (1,016)	0.22519
Business Situation	0.8772 (338)	0.24757	0.5682 (22)	0.24757	0.7595 (291)	0.31413	0.9474 (19)	0.24757	0.4947 (188)	0.31413	0.6316 (38)	0.24757	0.8879 (116)	0.31413	0.7589 (1,012)	0.3052
Impact on Turnover	0.95 (340)	0.15221	0.8333 (22)	0.15221	0.931 (293)	0.18154	0.9064 (19)	0.15221	0.802 (188)	0.18154	0.9123 (38)	0.15221	0.9253 (116)	0.18154	0.9096 (1,016)	0.17458
Cease Trading Estimation	0.2937 (252)	0.24043	0.3556 (18)	0.24043	0.3418 (237)	0.24141	0.2933 (15)	0.24043	0.2564 (156)	0.24141	0.2759 (29)	0.24043	0.356 (100)	0.24141	0.309 (807)	0.24118
Eligibility for Government Assistance	0.0971 (340)	0.29647	0.0909 (22)	0.29647	0.0478 (293)	0.28673	0.2105 (19)	0.29647	0.1489 (188)	0.28673	0.1316 (38)	0.29647	0.069 (116)	0.28673	0.0925 (1,016)	0.2899
Additional Assistance Needed	0.426 (338)	0.49523	0.2727 (22)	0.49523	0.4124 (291)	0.49183	0.6316 (19)	0.49523	0.3777 (188)	0.49183	0.4737 (38)	0.49523	0.4138 (116)	0.49183	0.414 (1,012)	0.4928
Financial Resources	0.4896 (299)	0.28519	0.4286 (21)	0.28519	0.5162 (265)	0.28161	0.4941 (17)	0.28519	0.3349 (172)	0.28161	0.4222 (36)	0.28519	0.5385 (104)	0.28161	0.4698 (914)	0.28297
Renting Premises	0.6559 (340)	0.47578	0.7727 (22)	0.47578	0.8805 (293)	0.37471	0.7368 (19)	0.47578	0.7872 (188)	0.37471	0.7105 (38)	0.47578	0.8448 (116)	0.37471	0.7726 (1,016)	0.41933

Table 4. Mean scores, sample sizes and standard deviations of BCRS in broad sectors, including ANOVA post-hoc tests.

Broad Sectors	Business Resilience Composite Score (BRCS)	Std. Deviation	Comparing Tourism-Dependent Businesses with other businesses (ANOVA Post Hoc Tests)
Personal Services & Other Businesses	0.6386 (93)	0.1359	−.04568, p = .058 (−)
Other Hospitality, Leisure & Entertainment Businesses	0.6311 (15)	0.13028	−.03816, p = 925 (−)
Retail Businesses	0.6131 (235)	0.1359	−.02014, p = .613 (−)
Tourism-Dependent Businesses	0.593 (244)	0.13028	–
Health & Education Businesses	0.5866 (28)	0.13028	.00635. p = 1.00 (−)
Manufacturing Businesses	0.5335 (18)	0.13028	.05947, p = .491 (−)
Professional Services Businesses	0.5231 (154)	0.1359	.06990, p < 0.001 (**)
Total Businesses	0.5898 (787)	0.13412	–

Notes: ANOVA Post Hoc Tests; significance level: – … p < .05; * … p < 0.05; ** … p < 0.0.

Song, J., Peng, Z. R., Zhao, L., & Hsu, C. (2016). Developing a theoretical framework for integrated vulnerability of businesses to sea level rise. Natural Hazards, 84(2), 1219–1239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2483-x

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