Failure to morally self-regulate: deindividuation and moral disengagement from pro-environmental behavioural intentions across tourism and home contexts

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research model.

Figure 2. Results of paired-sample t-test (tourism versus home). Note: PEB = pro-environmental behaviour, T1 = onsite survey (tourism context), T2 = post-visit survey one month after T1 (home context).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlation among factors (N = 285).

T1(tourism) n = 285	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5
1. Public Self-Awareness	5.381	1.149	(0.780)
2. Moral Obligation	6.612	0.742	0.171**	(0.866)
3. Perceived Anonymity	2.319	1.496	−0.052	−0.063	(0.938)
4. Moral Disengagement	2.289	1.103	−0.082	−0.122*	0.579**	(0.732)
5. PEB intention	5.927	0.764	0.277**	0.202**	−0.286**	−0.282**	(0.660)
T2(home) n = 170	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1. Public Self-Awareness	4.986	1.559	(0.949)
2. Moral Obligation	6.146	0.792	0.179*	(0.924)
3. Perceived Anonymity	2.680	1.532	0.089	−0.226**	(0.962)
4. Moral Disengagement	2.638	1.073	0.030	−0.406**	0.560**	(0.756)
5. PEB intention	5.791	0.769	0.041	0.568**	−0.364**	−0.404**	(0.735)
6. PEB	4.866	0.978	−0.060	0.400**	−0.327**	−0.285**	0.672**	(0.713)

Note: a. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, b. The numbers enclosed in parentheses and presented diagonally indicate the square roots of the AVEs. c. SD = Standard Deviation, PEB = pro-environmental behaviour

Figure 3. SEM results for tourism context

Figure 4. SEM results for one-month post-visit home context.

Table 2. Suppressor effect analysis.

T1(n = 285) Predicted constructs	PEB Intention (dependent variable)
	Full model	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Moral disengagement	−0.101	−0.282***	−0.147*	−0.111	−0.135*
Perceived anonymity	−0.231**		−0.237***	−0.246***	−0.234***
Moral obligation	0.162*			0.209**
Public self-awareness	0.246***				0.279***
Model fit	χ2/df = 2.122; CFI = 0.930, RMSEA = 0.063	χ2/df = 2.270; CFI = 0.892, RMSEA = 0.077	χ2/df = 2.669; CFI = 0.894, RMSEA = 0.077	χ2/df = 2.639; CFI = 0.896, RMSEA = 0.076	χ2/df = 2.610; CFI = 0.898, RMSEA = 0.075
T2 (n = 170) Predicted constructs	PEB Intention (dependent variable)
	Full model	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Moral disengagement	−0.058	−0.463***	−0.361***	−0.054	−0.356***
Perceived anonymity	−0.255**		−0.180*	−0.260**	−0.187*
Moral obligation	0.483***			0.478***
Public self-awareness	−0.008				0.053
Model fit	χ2/df = 2.008; CFI = 0.905, RMSEA = 0.077	χ2/df = 2.053; CFI = 0.899, RMSEA = 0.079	χ2/df = 2.049; CFI = 0.900, RMSEA = 0.079	χ2/df = 1.990; CFI = 0.906, RMSEA = 0.077	χ2/df = 2.052; CFI = 0.900, RMSEA = 0.079

Note: a. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, b. PEB intention = pro-environmental behavioural intention.

Table

Factor	Item	T1 (tourism context), n = 285				T2 (home context), n = 170
		Factor loading	Composite reliability	Cronbach’s alpha	AVE	Factor loading	Composite reliability	Cronbach’s alpha	AVE
Public Self-Awareness	Right now, I am self-conscious about the way I look	0.585	0.820	0.807	0.609	0.920	0.965	0.963	0.901
	Right now, I am concerned about what other people think of me	0.850				0.981
	Right now, I am concerned about the way I present myself	0.873				0.946
Moral obligation	I should protect the environment	0.915	0.900	0.897	0.750	0.873	0.947	0.945	0.855
	It’s important that people in general protect the environment	0.870				0.967
	Because of my own values, I feel an obligation to behave in an environmentally friendly way	0.810				0.932
Perceived Anonymity	It is difficult for others to identify me as an individual	0.909	0.956	0.956	0.879	0.939	0.974	0.973	0.925
	I am confident that others do not know who I am	0.950				0.992
	I believe that my personal identity remains unknown to others	0.953				0.954
Moral disengagement	For the convenience of my friends/relatives, it’s alright to perform less eco-friendly behaviours sometimes	0.509	0.887	0.872	0.536	0.770	0.902	0.897	0.572
	Considering the pollution caused by big enterprises, it’s hardly a sin for us to perform environmentally harmful behaviours sometimes	0.692				0.806
	People cannot be blamed for doing environmentally harmful behaviours if their leaders pressure them to do so	0.780				0.732
	In contexts where everyone is engaged in environmentally harmful behaviours, we can’t be blamed for doing it too	0.825				0.788
	Conducting environmentally harmful behaviours for a little while doesn’t cause big harm to the environment	0.881				0.882
	Wearing animal fur is okay; anyhow, animals are not human beings	0.788				0.709
	If I’m engaged in less eco-friendly behaviours, it’s probably because the government is not doing enough to support the environment	0.572				0.571
Factor	Item	T1 (tourism context), n = 285				T2 (home context), n = 170
		Factor loading	Composite reliability	Cronbach’s alpha	AVE	Factor loading	Composite reliability	Cronbach’s alpha	AVE
Pro-environmental intention	Conserve resource and energy	0.530	0.859	0.857	0.435	0.661	0.903	0.900	0.540
	Recycle	0.652				0.743
	Sort garbage	0.555				0.733
	Use ‘green’ (non-plastic) shopping bags	0.698				0.709
	Remind others to avoid doing environmentally harmful behaviours	0.701				0.777
	Look for environmental information on TV, in print, or on the Internet	0.771				0.856
	Donate money to support environmental conservation	0.715				0.737
	Volunteer my time to projects that help the environment	0.619				0.643
Pro-environmental behaviour	Conserve resource and energy					0.716	0.891	0.886	0.509
	Recycle					0.656
	Sort garbage					0.672
	Use ‘green’ (non-plastic) shopping bags					0.619
	Remind others to avoid doing environmentally harmful behaviours					0.834
	Look for environmental information on TV, in print, or on the Internet					0.883
	Donate money to support environmental conservation					0.677
	Volunteer my time to projects that help the environment					0.601