Awareness and experience of andropause symptoms in men referring to health centers: a cross-sectional study in Iran

Figures & data

Figure 1. Distribution, 95% confident interval of adjusted mean andropause symptoms scores between domains.

Table 1. Distribution frequency of andropause symptoms severity based on AMS questionnaire.

Severity of symptoms of andropause	N (%)
No/Little	37 (26.4)
Mild	54 (38.6)
Moderate	38 (27.1)
Severe	11 (7.9)
Total	140 (100)

Table 2. Comparison mean ± SD of andropause symptoms score according to anthropometric and socioeconomic parameters.

			Somatic symptoms score		Psychological symptoms score		Sexual symptoms score		Total score
Variables	Status	N	(M ± SD)	p	(M ± SD)	p	(M ± SD)	p	(M ± SD)	p
Age	40–49 years	67	13.01 ± 5.99	.387	10.90 ± 4.78	.604	9.21 ± 4.06	.056	33.12 ± 12.76	.437
	50–59 years	51	13.02 ± 4.82		11.59 ± 4.54		10.75 ± 3.91		35.35 ± 10.81
	Up to 60 years	22	11.14 ± 3.36		10.77 ± 4.12		10.23 ± 4.67		32.14 ± 7.18
BMI (kg/m^2)	Under weight (slim) <18.5	0	–	.132	–	.219	–	.162	–	.021
	Normal weight: 18.5–24.99	36	11.28 ± 3.47		10.03 ± 4.12	.219	9.00 ± 3.22	.162	30.31 ± 7.22	.021
	Pre-obese: (overweight) 25–29.99	68	12.53 ± 5.03		11.31 ± 4.37		9.72 ± 4.06		33.56 ± 10.40
	Obese >30 (obesity)	36	14.53 ± 6.59		11.89 ± 5.27		11.25 ± 4.84		37.67 ± 14.96
Educational level	Illiterate	13	15.54 ± 7.08	.485	12.15 ± 5.13	.565	10.23 ± 5.12	.52	37.92 ± 14.12	.389
	Pre-high school	58	12.71 ± 5.64		11.29 ± 4.18		10.52 ± 4.17		34.52 ± 11.54
	Diploma	41	12 ± 3.50		10.98 ± 4.54		9.32 ± 3.55		32.29 ± 8.43
	College level	28	12.50 ± 5.45		10.54 ± 5.27		9.46 ± 4.43		32.50 ± 13.15
Occupation	Self-employed	70	14.06 ± 6.04	.028	12.29 ± 4.88	.018	10.46 ± 4.33	.158	36.80 ± 12.91	.005
	Employee	42	11.48 ± 4.07		10.05 ± 4.19		9.81 ± 3.97		31.33 ± 8.79
	Worker	28	11.25 ± 3.79		9.86 ± 3.65		8.79 ± 3.78		29.89 ± 8.42
Income Status	<350 dollars	66	12.82 ± 5.54	.751	11.53 ± 4.66	.528	10.20 ± 4.30	.650	34.55 ± 12.33	.751
	350–700 dollars	48	12.17 ± 4.50		10.92 ± 4.58		9.92 ± 4.09		33.00 ± 10.60
	>700 dollars	26	13.50 ± 5.83		10.50 ± 4.43		9.27 ± 3.89		33.27 ± 10.31
Smoking status	Yes	35	13.97 ± 6.57	.276	12.54 ± 5.14	.530	9.51 ± 4.38	.315	36.03 ± 13.28	.176
	No	105	12.30 ± 4.69		10.66 ± 4.30		10.07 ± 4.07		33.03 ± 10.58
SBP (mmHg)	Normal	31	11.87 ± 4.43	.766	10.61 ± 4.04	.962	9.06 ± 3.89	.477	31.55 ± 10.40	.368
	Pre-hypertension	68	13.12 ± 6.03		11.43 ± 4.94		10.37 ± 4.15		34.91 ± 12.43
	Stage 1 HTN	28	11.71 ± 3.28		11.04 ± 4.85		9.46 ± 3.75		32.21 ± 9.17
	Stage 2 HTN	13	14.85 ± 5.76		11 ± 3.44		10.69 ± 5.34		36.54 ± 11.60
DBP (mmHg)	normal	77	12.62 ± 5.52	.521	11 ± 4.79	.925	9.79 ± 4.03	.680	33.42 ± 12.03	.429
	Pre-hypertension	32	12.19 ± 4.99		11.16 ± 4.36		9.22 ± 3.88		32.56 ± 10.05
	Stage 1 HTN	25	13.76 ± 5.04		11.56 ± 4.66		11.72 ± 4.45		37.04 ± 11.37
	Stage 2 HTN	6	12.50 ± 4.32		10.83 ± 3.19		8.00 ± 4.15		31.33 ± 7.76

SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure.

Table 3. Distribution frequency of awareness questions about andropause.

		False	True
Number	Phrases	N (%)	N (%)
1	Andropause means the male menopause.	131 (93.6)	9 (6.4)
2	Andropause in men is exactly similar to menopause.	113 (80.7)	27 (19.3)
3	Andropause is caused by a reduction in sexual hormones level in men.	113 (80.7)	27 (19.3)
4	Alopecia is one of the andropause symptoms in men.	108 (77.1)	32 (22.9)
5	Aging is accompanied by experiencing andropause in men.	106 (75.8)	34 (24.3)
6	Reduction in sexual tendency is one of the andropause symptoms in men.	111 (79.3)	29 (20.7)
7	Impotence is not one of the andropause symptoms in men.	111 (79.3)	29 (20.7)
8	Nervousness is one the andropause symptoms in men.	127 (90.7)	13 (9.3)
9	Lack of energy is one of the andropause symptoms in men.	122 (87.1)	18 (12.9)
10	Hot flashes is not andropause symptoms.	120 (85.7)	20 (14.3)
11	Excessive sweating is not an andropause symptom in men.	126 (90)	14 (10)
12	Bread growth reduction is a symptom of andropause in men.	119 (85)	21 (15)
13	Muscle mass and muscle strength loss is a symptom of andropause in men.	115 (82.1)	25 (17.9)
14	Obesity is a predisposing factor of andropause in men.	118 (84.3)	22 (15.7)
15	Alcohol use is a predisposing factor of andropause in men.	109 (77.9)	31 (22.1)
16	Andropause symptoms are not controllable and treatable.	116 (82.9)	24 (17.1)
17	Medical treatment is used in controlling andropause in men.	111 (79.3)	29 (20.7)
18	Andropause cannot be diagnosed via signs and symptoms.	115 (82.7)	24 (17.3)
19	Andropause can be diagnosed via blood test.	117 (83.6)	23 (16.4)
20	Andropause is followed by complete fertility loss in men.	120 (85.7)	20 (14.3)

Table 4. Compared mean between awareness score based on socioeconomic and personal variables.

			Awareness score
	Variables	N	(M ± SD)	p
Age (years)	40–49	67	3.72 ± 4.96
	50–59	51	3.14 ± 5.09	.3
	Up to 60	22	2.64 ± 4.68
Educational level	Illiterate	13	0 ± 0
	Pre-high school	58	0. 86 ± 2. 18	.0001
	Diploma	41	5.34 ± 5.53
	College level	28	7.07 ± 5.61
Occupation	Self-employed	70	3.79 ± 5.06
	Employee	42	4.83 ± 5.54	.003
	Worker	28	0.96 ± 2.08
Income status	<350$	66	2.45 ± 4.54
	350–700$	48	2.75 ± 4.01	.006
	>700$	26	6.65 ± 6.16