Visceral adiposity index is associated with benign prostatic enlargement in non-diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical and demographic features of the patients stratified by symptom score.

Symptom category
	Mild-moderate (n = 186)			severe (n = 214)	p value
Age (year)	64.08 ± 8.05			65.35 ± 8.48	0.404
Height (cm)	171.96 ± 5.79			170.11 ± 5.69	0.001*
Weight (kg)	76.66 ± 10.48			78.84 ± 12.15	0.061
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.89 ± 3.12			27.23 ± 3.95	0.0001*
FBS (mg/dl)	87.32 ± 11.83			90.75 ± 11.56	0.001*
TG (mg/dl)	108.25 ± 37.21			110.32 ± 44.28	0.594
TC (mg/dl)	194.35 ± 37.64			196.58 ± 38.18	0.128
LDL-C (mg/dl)	134.50 ± 32.14			136.48 ± 32.68	0.096
HDL-C (mg/dl)	38.97 ± 6.88			38.59 ± 6.74	0.185
VAI	4.07 ± 1.92			4.12 ± 1.93	0.619
Waist circumference (cm)	96.60 ± 10.04			98.30 ± 12.48	0.116
IPSS	15.53 ± 2.21			21.00 ± 2.04
Peak flow rate	8.52 ± 4.25			6.96 ± 2.66	0.0001*
Post void residue (ml)	49.29 ± 47.04			82.98 ± 67.96	0.0001*
PSA (ng/ml)	2.59 ± 2.10			3.14 ± 2.01	0.0001*
Prostate volume (ml)	42.91 ± 17.43			54.78 ± 27.52	0.0001*

BMI: body mass index; FBS: fasting blood sugar; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VAI: visceral adiposity index; IPSS: International prostate symptom score; PSA: prostate specific antigen.

* Statistically significant.

Table 2. Clinical and demographic features of the patients stratified by prostate volume.

Prostate volumecategory
	Prostate volume >40 ml (196)	Prostate volume <40 ml (n = 204)	p value
Age (year)	62.16 ± 7.80	67.16 ± 7.98	.0001
Height (cm)	169.89 ± 5.95	172.07 ± 5.48	.0001*
Weight (kg)	74.64 ± 11.23	80.96 ± 10.78	.0001**
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.83 ± 3.49	27.37 ± 3.65	.0001*
FBS (mg/dl)	87.27 ± 13.05	91.00 ± 10.10	.0001*
TG (mg/dl)	101.20 ± 32.48	116.83 ± 46.95	.0001*
TC (mg/dl)	192.68 ± 38.62	193.58 ± 38.88	.125
LDL-C (mg/dl)	133.42 ± 31.24	132.74 ± 32.18	.218
HDL-C (mg/dl)	39.62 ± 7.10	37.87 ± 6.41	.011*
VAI	3.71 ± 1.73	4.48 ± 2.04	.0001*
Waist circumference	95.12 ± 9.89	99.93 ± 12.44	.0001*
IPSS	17.85 ± 3.15	19.23 ± 3.49	.0001*
Peak flow rate	8.43 ± 4.13	6.85 ± 2.60	.0001*
Post void residue	45.54 ± 39.31	89.77 ± 71.57	.0001*
PSA	1.88 ± 1.15	3.75 ± 2.25	.0001*

BMI: body mass index; FBS: fasting blood sugar; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VAI: visceral adiposity index; IPSS: International prostate symptom score; PSA: prostate spesific antigen.

* Statistically significant.

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate analysis of the factors effective on prostate volume.

	Univariate analysis				Multivariate analysis
			95% CI				95% CI
	p	OR	Lower	Upper	p	OR	Lower	Upper
Age	.00001*	1.086	1.056	1.117	.00001*	1.125	1.088	1.164
BMI	.00001*	1.135	1.070	1.204	.003*	1.119	1.040	1.204
WC	.00001*	1.038	1.019	1.058	.623	1.011	0.969	1.054
FBS	.001*	1.031	1.013	1.050	.275	1.013	0.990	1.035
TG	.00001*	1.010	1.004	1.016	.002*	1.043	1.016	1.071
TC	.078	0.918	0.869	0.956
LDL-C	.464	0.992	0.961	1.010
HDL-C	.028*	0.967	0.939	0.996	.025*	0.923	0.860	0.990
VAI	.00001*	1.250	1.116	1.400	.011*	1.194	1.110	1.305

BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; FBS: fasting blood sugar; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VAI:visceral adiposity index; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

* Statistically significant.

Figure 1. ROC curves of VAI levels for prostate volume cutoff level of (A) 30, (B) 40 and (C) 50 ml, respectively.

Figure 2. The doth graph of the association between VAI and prostate volume.