The influence of nutritional factors on prostate cancer incidence and aggressiveness

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of case and control participants.

	Biopsy  −  (%)	Biopsy + (%)	All (%)	p^a	Gleason <7 (%)	Gleason ≥7 (%)	p^a
Diabetes
With diabetes	26.2	16.5	21.4	.125	26.4	26.0	.570
Without diabetes	73.8	83.5	78.6		73.6	74.0
Alcohol
Yes	13.9	10.0	11.9	.515	17.0	10.4	.398
No	86.1	90.0	88.1		83.0	89.6
Familiar cancer
None	63.8	43.7	53.8	.005	68.4	58.3	.364
Prostate cancer	9.5	7.8	8.7		10.5	8.3
Others	26.7	48.5	37.5		21.1	33.3
Body mass index
Normal	20.2	19.3	19.7	.468	20.3	20.0	.999
Overweight	44.0	51.8	48.0		44.1	44.0
Obesity	35.8	28.9	32.3		35.6	36.0
Smoking
Smoker	20.9	23.4	22.2	.125	18.6	23.5	.590
Ex-smoker	46.4	39.6	43.0		50.8	41.2
Non smoker	32.7	36.9	34.8		30.5	35.3
Physical activity
No	59.6	43.6	51.6	.022	61.0	58.0	.450
Yes	40.4	56.4	48.4		39.0	42.0
Coffee
Without coffee	63.8	58.2	61.0	.598	64.7	62.9	.536
With coffee	36.2	41.8	39.0		35.3	37.1
Age
≤65	26.3	43.3	34.8	.007	30.8	21.8	.125
66–75	46.2	36.3	41.2		48.7	43.6
>75	27.6	20.4	24.0		20.5	34.6
Flavones intake
Yes	7.2	11.6	9.5	.433	11.6	2.5	.118
No	92.8	88.4	90.5		88.4	97.5

^a Chi-square or Fisher’s test p values.

Table 2. Food consumption of case and control participants.

Variables	Mean	Median	P25	P75	Maximum	SD	p^a
Fruits (g/day)
Biopsy +	336.6	350.0	175.0	500.0	1250.0	265.83	.178
Biopsy −	387.0	350.0	175.0	525.0	1625.0	270.4
All	362.2	350.0	175.0	525.0	1625.0	268.5
Vegetables (g/day)
Biopsy +	97.5	64.2	42.8	150.0	450.0	78.7	.981
Biopsy −	95.6	64.2	42.8	150.0	321.4	67.2
All	96.5	64.2	42.8	150.0	450.0	72.8
Fruits and vegetables (g/day)
Biopsy +	439.3	414.2	200.0	626.7	1.400	300.7	.329
Biopsy −	479.6	414.2	235.7	650.0	1839.2	297.3
All	459.8	414.2	217.8	650.0	1839.2	298.7
Meat (g/day)
Biopsy +	44.7	42.8	21.4	64.2	150.0	34.2	.203
Biopsy −	52.4	42.8	21.4	64.2	150.0	40.8
All
Fish (g/day)
Biopsy +	51.3	47.4	41.5	47.4	166.0	28.9	.144
Biopsy −	58.5	47.4	47.2	71.1	166.0	33.1
All	55.0	47.4	47.4	71.1	166.0	31.3
Cereals (g/day)
Biopsy +	53.3	52.5	52.5	52.5	157.5	30.2	.398
Biopsy −	57.9	52.5	52.5	52.5	187.5	38.0
All	55.7	52.5	52.5	52.5	187.5	34.4
Legumes (g/day)
Biopsy +	30.7	22.8	22.8	34.2	80.0	18.4	.157
Biopsy −	26.8	22.8	22.8	34.2	80.0	16.4
All	28.7	22.8	22.8	34.2	80.0	17.4
Dairy (g/day)
Biopsy +	290.6	250.0	125	350	500	150.5	.215
Biopsy −	280.3	250.0	125	350	500	190.5
All	285.4	250.0	125	350	500	175.5
All	1.2	0	0	0	62.8	8.0
Eggs (g/day)
Biopsy +	20.0	17.1	8.5	25.7	102.8	15.1	.445
Biopsy −	19.7	17.1	8.5	25.7	120.0	14.1
All	19.8	17.1	8.5	25.7	120.0	14.5
Nuts (g/day)
Biopsy +	3.8	0	0	2.8	22.8	6.9	.905
Biopsy −	4.6	2.8	0	6.4	20.0	6.3
All	4.2	0	0	5.7	22.8	6.6

P25: percentile 25; P75: percentile 75; SD: standard deviation.

^a Mann-Whitney or t-Student p values.

Table 3. Food consumption of case participants.

Variables	Mean	Median	P25	P75	Minimum	Maximum	SD	p^a
Fruits (g/day)
Gleason <7	389.7	350.0	175.0	525.0	0	1250.0	285.6	.049
Gleason ≥7	278.1	175.0	125.0	350.0	0	875.0	231.8
Vegetables (g/day)
Gleason <7	90.4	64.2	42.8	150.0	0	428.5	73.6	.309
Gleason ≥7	104.9	64.2	64.2	150.0	0	450.0	83.9
Fruits and vegetables
Gleason <7	51.3	487.3	417.8	207.1	708.9	21.4	1400	.192
Gleason ≥7	388.9	325.0	200	500	0	1175.0	256.6
Meat (g/day)
Gleason <7	47.5	42.8	21.4	64.2	0	150.0	34.3	.252
Gleason ≥7	41.6	42.8	21.4	53.5	0	150.0	34.2
Fish (g/day)
Gleason <7	53.7	47.4	47.4	59.2	23.7	166.0	30.0	.452
Gleason ≥7	48.7	47.4	23.7	47.4	0	166.0	27.91
Cereals (g/day)
Gleason <7	48.1	52.5	41.2	52.5	7.5	105.0	18.2	.223
	59.1	52.5	52.5	52.5	7.5	157.5	39.0
Legumes (g/day)
Gleason <7	34.0	22.8	22.8	45.7	11.4	80.0	20.8	.190
Gleason ≥7	27.1	22.8	22.8	34.2	11.4	80.0	14.8
Dairy (g/day)
Gleason <7	292.1	250.0	125.0	350.0	0	500.0	130.2	.230
Gleason ≥7	288.0	250.0	125.0	350.0	0	500.0	128.5
Eggs (g/day)
Gleason <7	18.3	17.1	8.5	17.1	0	51.4	11.1	.590
Gleason ≥7	21.7	17.1	8.5	25.7	0	102.8	18.5
Nuts (g/day)
Gleason <7	4.2	0	0	2.8	0	20.0	7.3	.800
Gleason ≥7	3.4	0	0	5.0	0	22.8	6.5

P25: percentile 25; P75: percentile 75; SD: standard deviation.

^a Fisher’s test p values.

Table 4. Odds ratios of prostate cancer incidence associated with food intake.

	Unadjusted			Adjusted for covariates^a
	OR	95% CILower limit	95% CIUpper limit	OR	95% CILower limit	95% CIUpper limit	p value for trend
Fruits (g/day)
<175	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
175–350	0.905	0.583	1.040	0.739	0.376	1.454
>350	0.814	0.484	1.363	0.796	0.373	1.698
							.178
Vegetables (g/day)
< 64.28	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
64.28–150	1.128	0.761	1.670	1.402	0.763	2.578
>150	0.375	0.099	1.414	0.300	0.053	1.708
							.888
Total fruits and vegetables (g/day)
< 297.46	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
297.46–500	1.077	0.631	1.837	1.012	0.484	2.115
>500	0.742	0.433	1.272	0.775	0.365	1.645
							.029
Meat (g/day)
< 21.42	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
21.42–64.28	1.023	0.672	1.558	0.906	0.439	1.871
>64.28	0.647	0.303	1.381	0.707	0.238	2.100
							.140
Legumes(g/day)
< 22.85	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
22.85–34.28	0.816	0.508	1.311	0.740	0.359	1.525
>34.28	1.185	0.710	1.978	1.063	0.526	2.148
							.347
Dairy (g/day)
< 50.0	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
50.0–125.0	0.915	0.624	1.435	0.890	0.342	1.328
>125.0	1.123	0.725	1.345	1.034	0.431	1.763
							.435
Fish(g/day)
< 25	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
25–50	1.105	0.713	1.714	1.019	0.526	1.975
>50	0.567	0.313	1.027	0.418	0.170	1.027
							.043
Cereals (g/day)
<30	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
30–55	0.983	0.684	1.412	0.823	0.433	1.564
>55	0.667	0.273	1.631	0.547	0.185	1.612
							.439
Eggs (g/day)
<17	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
17–35	0.810	0.552	1.190	0.765	0.421	1.391
>35	2.667	0.707	1.052	2.305	0.550	9.671
							.673
Nuts (g/day)
0	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
0.01–2.85	0.579	0.276	1.217	0.438	0.179	1.068
>2.85	0.667	0.367	1.210	0.576	0.267	1.243
							.041

^aCovariates: age (categorized in 3-year groups), alcohol (no/yes), diabetes (no/yes) and physical activity (no/yes).

Table 5. Odds ratios of prostate cancer aggressiveness associated with food intake.

	Unadjusted			Adjusted for covariates^a
	OR	95% CILower limit	95% CIUpper limit	OR	95% CILower limit	95% CIUpper limit	p value fortrend
Fruits (g/day)
<175	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
175–350	0.667	0.222	1.998	0.890	0.269	2.939
>350	0.353	0.106	1.178	0.360	0.100	1.299
							.082
Vegetables (g/day)
<64.28	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
[64.28–150]	0.300	0.024	3.799	0.313	0.067	1.470
>150	0.560	0.048	6.557	0.638	0.181	2.250
							.162
Total fruits and vegetables (g/day)
<297.46	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
297.46–500	0.938	0.330	2.660	1.089	0.370	3.207
>500	0.433	0.140	1.338	0.372	0.114	1.217
							.157
Meat (g/day)
<21.42	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
21.42–64.28	1.314	0.349	4.950	0.948	0.337	2.665
>64.28	1.440	0.269	7.714	0.711	0.130	3.879
							.669
Legume (g/day)
<22.85	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
22.85–34.28	0.933	0.271	3.209	0.704	0.216	2.294
>34.28	0.599	0.174	2.060	0.339	0.101	1.139
							.351
<50.0	1.000	(Referent)		1.000
50.0–125.0	0.822	0.221	2.143	0.604	0.312	2.131
Dairy (g/day)
>125.0	0.651	0.189	2.132	0.431	0.127	1.297
							.431
Fish (g/day)
<25	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
25–50	0.818	0.276	2.422	0.702	0.265	1.856
>50	0.630	0.168	2.360	0.389	0.099	1.527
							.493
Hydrates (g/day)
<30	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
30–55	0.758	0.218	2.632	0.630	0.188	2.110
>55	3.000	0.423	21.297	3.266	0.501	21.281
							.393
Eggs (g/day)
<17	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
17–35	0.808	0.454	1.435	0.530	0.207	1.358
>35	1.000	0.250	3.998	0.749	0.132	4.261
							.738
Nuts (g/day)
0	1.000	(Referent)		1.000 (Referent)
0.01–2.85	0.571	0.167	1.952	0.639	0.158	2.592
>2.85	1.000	0.397	2.519	0.828	0.263	2.605
							.884

^a Covariates: age (categorized in 3-year groups), familiar cancer (no/yes) and smoking (smoker, ex-smoker and non-smoker).