Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of prostate cancer

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of case and control participants.

	Biopsy − (%)	Biopsy + (%)	p*
Age
≤65	42.5	24.5	.005
[66–75]	36.2	46.3
>75	21.3	29.2
Diabetes
With diabetes	26.5	16.3	.125
Without diabetes	73.5	83.7
Alcohol
Yes	14.2	10.5	.515
No	85.8	89.5
Familiar cancer
None	62.6	39.8	.005
Prostate cancer	8.3	12.5
Others	29.1	47.7
BMI
Normal	20.5	19.8	.468
Overweight	45.2	52.3
Obesity	34.3	27.9
Smoking
Smoker	21.5	23.6	.125
Ex-smoker	45.3	39.5
Non smoker	33.2	36.9
Physical activity
No	59.2	58.3	.122
Yes	40.8	41.7
Coffee
Without coffee	63.2	59.6	.598
With coffee	36.8	40.4
Job (%)
Agriculture	22.4	25.3	.005
Industry	13.2	16.6
Construction	12.7	7.2
Others	51.7	50.9

* Chi-square or Fisher’s test p values.

Table 2. Individual components of Mediterranean diet score and prostate cancer risk.

Items		Biopsy − (%)	Biopsy + (%)	F	p
Do you use olive oil as main culinary fat?	Yes	100	98.5	0.146	.732
How much olive oil do you consume in a given day (including oil used for frying, salads, out-of-house meals, etc.)?	≥4 tbsp	62.6	65.71	0.146	.732
How many vegetable servings do you consume per day? (1 serving: 200 g [consider side dishes as half a serving])	≥2 (≥1 portion raw or as a salad)	50.66	48.57	0.064	.869
How many fruit units (including natural fruit juices) do you consume per day?	≥3	61.33	58.57	0.115	.738
How many servings of red meat, hamburger, or meat products (ham, sausage, etc.) do you consume per day? (1 serving: 100–150 g)	<1	68.0	72.85	0.409	.587
How many servings of butter, margarine, or cream do you consume per day? (1 serving: 12 g)	<1	81.33	85.71	0.503	.478
How many sweet or carbonated beverages do you drink per day?	<1	68.0	78.57	2.058	.151
How many servings of fish or shellfish do you consume per week? (1 serving 100–150 g of fish or 4–5 units or 200 g of shellfish)	≥3	50.30	49.32	0.064	.869
How many servings of pulses do you consume per week? (1 serving: 150 g)	≥3	38.66	38.57	0.001	.563
How many times per week do you consume commercial sweets or pastries (not homemade), such as cakes, cookies, biscuits, or custard?	<3	58.66	62.85	0.266	.615
How many servings of nuts (including peanuts) do you consume per week? (1 serving 30 g)	≥3	39.00	40.00	1.007	.203
Do you preferentially consume chicken, turkey, or rabbit meat instead of veal, pork, hamburger, or sausage?	Yes	65.33	67.14	0.053	.862
How many times per week do you consume vegetables, pasta, rice, or other dishes seasoned with sofrito (sauce with tomato and onion, leek or garlic simmered in olive oil)?	≥2	81.66	81.42	0.963	.423
How many glasses of wine do you consume per week?	≥7	47.66	48.57	2.886	.395

F: Fisher statistic.

Table 3. Individual components of Mediterranean diet score and prostate cancer aggressiveness.

Items		Gleason <7	Gleason ≥7	F	p
Do you use olive oil as main culinary fat?	Yes	98.48	100	0.138	1.00
How much olive oil do you consume in a given day (including oil used for frying, salads, out-of-house meals, etc.)?	≥4 tbsp	63.63	65.55	0.221	.720
How many vegetable servings do you consume per day? (1 serving: 200 g [consider side dishes as half a serving])	≥2 (≥1 portion raw or as a salad)	66.96	54.34	6.592	.031
How many fruit units (including natural fruit juices) do you consume per day?	≥3	57.57	44.44	6.981	.023
How many servings of red meat, hamburger, or meat products (ham, sausage, etc.) do you consume per day? (1 serving: 100–150 g)	<1	44.24	46.44	3.393	.113
How many servings of butter, margarine, or cream do you consume per day? (1 serving: 12 g)	<1	83.33	85.24	1.758	.340
How many sweet or carbonated beverages do you drink per day?	<1	77.27	77.77	0.001	1.00
How many servings of fish or shellfish do you consume per week? (1 serving 100–150 g of fish or 4–5 units or 200 g of shellfish)	≥3	46.96	44.44	0.020	1.00
How many servings of pulses do you consume per week? (1 serving: 150 g)	≥3	40.90	11.11	3.006	.141
How many times per week do you consume commercial sweets or pastries (not homemade), such as cakes, cookies, biscuits or custard?	<3	70.60	77.77	0.998	.470
How many servings of nuts (including peanuts) do you consume per week? (1 serving 30 g)	≥3	37.87	33.33	0.07	1.00
Do you preferentially consume chicken, turkey, or rabbit meat instead of veal, pork, hamburger or sausage?	Yes	82.12	88.88	2.506	.150
How many times per week do you consume vegetables, pasta, rice, or other dishes seasoned with sofrito (sauce with tomato and onion, leek or garlic simmered in olive oil)?	≥2	83.33	44.44	7.137	.018
How many glasses of wine do you consume per week?	≥7	48.48	43.33	0.731	.489

F: Fisher statistic.

Table 4. Mediterranean diet score and PC risk and aggressiveness.

	Mean^a	SD	Hazard ratio	95.0% C.I.	p value
Biopsy
Positive	8.37	1.805	0.976	0.875–1.003	.314
Negative	8.25	2.482
Gleason
Gleason ≥7	7.25	1.062	1.008	0.997–1.023	.050
<7	9.50	1.092

^a Scores on the index scale range from 1 to 14; Age (continuous) and family history of prostate cancer were included in the regression models as covariates; C.I.: confidence interval.