Effect of cigarette smoking on sexual functions, psychological factors, and disease activity in male patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical, demographic, and psychological characteristics and IIEF scores of AS patients.

	AS n = 67
Age (years)	35 ± 9.3
BMI	24 (17.3–33.5)
Disease duration (months)	120 (12–444)
Smoker (%)^a	70
Per/day smoking	20 (3–60)
Pocket year	15 (1–60)
FTND	6 (1–10)
Exh. CO	14 (2–24)
Pain (VAS)	50 (0–100)
Fatigue (VAS)	50 (0–100)
BASDAI	4.9 (0–9.4)
BASFI	3.2 (0–10)
BASMI	7 (5–15)
ASQoL	11 (0–17)
CRP	3.16 (1.02–41.8)
Anti TNF (%)^a	37.3 (n = 25)
DMARD (%)^a	28.4 (n = 19)
NSAID (%)^a	59.7 (n = 40)
IIEF category	4 (1–5)
IIEF total score	20 (7–25)
BDI	17 (0–44)

BMI: body mass index; FTND: Fagerström test for nicotine dependence; exh.CO: concentration of exhaled carbon monoxide; VAS: visual analogue scale; BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; BASMI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index; ASQoL: Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life; CRP: C-reactive protein; anti-TNF: anti-tumor necrosis factor; DMARD: disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; IIEF: International Index of Erectile Function; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; mean ± standard deviation; median (minimum–maximum).

^aPercentage.

Table 2. Comparison of clinical, demographic, psychological, and sexual functions in smoker (Group 1) and non-smoker (Group 2) AS patients.

Med. (min–max)	Smoker %70 (n = 47)	Nonsmoker %30 (n = 20)	p
Age	33 (20–57)	40 (18–56)	.066
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.9 (18.5–33.5)	23.8 (17.3–32.9)	.753
Disease duration (months)	120 (12–394)	120 (24–444)	.262
Pain (VAS)	60 (0–100)	50 (0–100)	.89
Fatigue (VAS)	50 (0–100)	50 (0–90)	.40
BASDAI	4.9 (0–9.4)	5 (1.8–8.2)	.81
BASFI	2.2 (0–10)	3.8 (0–8.3)	.95
BASMI	6 (5–15)	7 (5–15)	.25
ASQoL	11 (0–17)	13 (0–18)	.84
NSAID% (n)^a	65.2 (31)	50 (10)	.245
DMARD% (n)^a	27.7 (13)	30 (6)	.846
Anti-TNFα% (n)^a	36.2 (17)	40 (8)	.767
IIEF category	4 (1–5)	4 (2–5)	.39
IIEF total score	19 (7–25)	20 (11–25)	.28
BDI	19 (0–44)	16 (2–32)	.418

BMI: body mass index; VAS: visual analogue scale; BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; BASMI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index; ASQoL: Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life; Anti-TNF: anti-tumor necrosis factor; DMARD: disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; IIEF: International Index of Erectile Function; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; median (minimum–maximum).

^aPercentage; p < .05: it was considered significant.

Table 3. Disease parameters and comparison of IIEF scores according to the severity of dependency.

	Mild dependent n = 12	Moderately dependent n = 21	Severe dependent n = 14	p
BASDAI	3.55 (0.8–9.4)	6 (1–8)	4.6 (0–9)	.31
BASFI	1.2 (0–9)	3.6 (0–8.8)	5.6 (0–10)	.168
BASMI	5 (5–9)	7 (5–12)	6.5 (5–15)	.008*
ASQoL	7.5 (0–17)	11 (0–16)	11 (0–17)	.443
Pain (VAS)	40 (10–100)	60 (10–100)	55 (0–100)	.187
Fatigue (VAS)	45 (0–100)	60 (20–100)	50 (0–100)	.443
IIEF category	4 (1–5)	4 (3–5)	3.5 (2–5)	.605
IIEF total score	20 (7–25)	18 (12–25)	17.5 (11–25)	.712

VAS: visual analogue scale; BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; BASMI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index; ASQoL: Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life; IIEF: International Index of Erectile Function; median (minimum–maximum).

p < .05: it was considered significant; *p < .05.

Table 4. Comparison of BASMI scores in smoker AS patients according to dependency category.

n = 47	BASMI	p
Mild dependent n = 12 Moderately dependent n = 21	5 (5–9) 7 (5–12)	.005*
Mild dependent n = 12 Severe dependent n = 14	5 (5–9) 6.5 (5–15)	.007*
Moderately dependent n = 21 Severe dependent n = 14	7 (5–12) 6.5(5–15)	.582

BASMI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index; median (minimum–maximum).

p < .05: it was considered significant; *p < .05.

Table 5. Association between IIEF scores and clinical and psychological parameters, intensity of smoking and dependency level in AS patients.

	IIEF category		IIEF total score
	p	r	p	r
Smoking	.36	–0.115	.242	–0.145
Per/day smoking	.6	–0.078	.94	–0.012
Pocket/year	.023*	–0.330	.046*	–0.293
FTND	.67	–0.064	.9	–0.018
Exh. CO (ppm)	.87	0.025	.65	0.068
Pain VAS	.026*	–0.265	.075	–0.214
Fatigue VAS	.006*	–0.325	.006*	–0.324
BASDAI	.001*	–0.386	.006*	–0.331
BASFI	<.001*	–0.487	<.001*	–0.474
BASMI	.012*	–0.298	.008*	–0.316
ASQOL	<.001*	–0.555	<.001*	–0.528
BDI	<.001*	–0.520	<.001*	–0.508

IIEF: International Index of Erectile Function; FTND: Fagerström test for nicotine dependence; exh.CO: concentration of exhaled carbon monoxide; VAS: visual analogue scale; BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; BASMI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index; ASQoL: Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory.

p < .05: it was considered significant; *p < .05.