Risk of multiple lower and upper urinary tract problems among male older adults with type-2 diabetes: a population-based study

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the study variables for the study population, India, LASI Wave 1, 2017–2018.

Variables	Distribution (%)	N
Age
45–59	50.33	13,924
60+	49.67	13,743
Residence
Rural	66.11	18,290
Urban	33.89	9,377
Education
No schooling	31.07	8,596
Completed primary	29.32	8,113
Completed secondary	31.39	8,685
Completed diploma/college	8.22	2,273
Marital status
Currently married	87.81	24,294
Widowed	9.10	2,518
Divorced/separated	0.97	269
Not married	2.12	586
MPCE quintile
Poorest	19.66	5,440
Poorer	20.10	5,562
Middle	20.15	5,575
Richer	20.36	5,633
Richest	19.72	5,457
Engaged in energetic activities (EMEA)
Never	38.06	10,514
Non-daily	16.25	4,488
Daily	45.69	12,623
Smoking
No	43.70	12,090
Yes	56.30	15,577
Alcohol
No	65.84	18,216
Yes	34.16	9,451
Hypertension
No	75.56	20,901
Yes	24.44	6,759
Depression
No	94.17	26,053
Yes	5.83	1,614
BMI
Underweight	19.28	5,273
Normal	56.90	15,557
Overweight	19.69	5,385
Obese	4.13	1,128
Diabetics
No	86.82	24,014
Yes	13.18	3,644
Chronic renal failure (CRF)
No	99.11	27,421
Yes	0.89	246
Incontinence
No	97.40	26,947
Yes	2.60	720
Kidney stone
No	96.60	26,727
Yes	3.40	940
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
No	98.50	27,253
Yes	1.50	414
Total	100	27,661

Table 2. Prevalence of CRF, incontinence, kidney stone, and BPH among per 1000 older adult men in India by their socio-economic and bio-demographic characteristics, India, LASI Wave 1, 2017–2018.

Predictors	CRF (%)	X^2	p Value	Incontinence (%)	X^2	p Value	Kidney stone (%)	X^2	p Value	BPH (%)	X^2	p Value
Age
45–59	5.1	23.448	.000	16.3	179.426	.000	30.6	0.000	.996	11.9	38.138	.000
60+	11.1			43.0			29.3			21.6
Residence
Rural	7.9	2.474	0.116	31.6	0.409	0.522	27.9	6.516	0.011	15.9	1.761	0.184
Urban	9.0			26.7			35.0			19.5
Education
No schooling	7.1	4.771	0.189	30.3	20.836	0.000	22.4	45.973	0.000	12.7	18.936	0.000
Completed primary	9.5			37.2			34.6			16.1
Completed secondary	8.6			26.7			33.8			20.9
Completed diploma/college	6.6			17.7			30.9			22.5
Marital status
Currently married	8.6	3.298	0.348	28.2	21.982	0.000	31.7	17.733	0.000	16.4	3.087	0.378
Widowed	6.6			47.2			18.6			23.1
Divorced/separated	0.1			32.7			26.2			17.2
Not married	1.1			28.6			12.8			7.7
MPCE quintile
Poorest	7.9	12.444	0.014	25.9	4.368	0.358	21.9	74.935	0.000	11.7	12..025	0.017
Poorer	4.5			30.2			28.4			15.1
Middle	7.7			32.9			28.3			20.6
Richer	12.6			32.9			36.6			18.4
Richest	8.7			29.0			35.7			19.3
Engaged in energetic activities
Never	10.1	15.491	0.000	34.7	16.946	0.000	33.6	7.618	0.022	14.7	7.687	0.021
Non-daily	7.6			38.9			30.9			25.0
Daily	6.9			23.5			26.9			15.8
Smoking
No	8.6	0.038	0.846	24.0	23.465	0.000	30.7	0.848	0.357	16.7	0.791	0.374
Yes	7.9			34.5			29.4			17.1
Alcohol
No	7.7	0.075	0.784	32.0	9.619	0.002	29.3	3.542	0.060	15.9	1.725	0.189
Yes	9.2			25.9			31.6			19.3
Diabetics
No	7.3	40.452	0.000	27.1	70.379	0.000	28.3	51.517	0.000	15.6	19.882	0.000
Yes	14.6			52.9			41.9			26.7
Hypertension
No	6.6	38.973	0.000	25.1	96.980	0.000	26.8	44.420	0.000	12.6	32.982	0.000
Yes	13.5			47.5			40.7			31.6
Depression
No	7.8	18.285	0.000	29.0	23.359	0.000	28.9	10.756	0.001	16.5	5.254	0.022
Yes	12.6			46.3			44.3			22.4
BMI
Underweight	7.4	5.377	0.146	37.6	26.269	0.000	22.3	49.165	0.000	10.9	7.946	0.047
Normal	8.0			31.2			29.7			17.3
Overweight	7.9			19.7			40.0			22.3
Obese	17.3			14.2			37.1			28.2
Total	8.2			30.2			29.9			16.9

Figure 1. Prevalence (per 1000 males) of chronic renal failure (CRF), incontinence, kidney stone, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by diabetes status and (a) age, (b) hypertension, (c) depression, and (d) engaged in energetic activities (EMEA) in India, LASI, 2017–2018.

Table 3. Estimated adjusted odds ratio from the multivariate logistic regression estimation for each of the outcome variables, India, LASI Wave 1, 2017–2018.

	CRF		Incontinence		Kidney stone		BPH
	Odds ratio	Std. Err.	Odds ratio	Std. Err.	Odds Ratio	Std. Err.	Odds Ratio	Std. Err.
Independent (predictor) variable
Diabetics
No®
Yes	1.80***	0.292	1.781***	0.182	1.369***	0.123	1.289*	0.173
Control variables
Age
45–59®
60+	1.67***	0.237	2.352***	0.214	1.015	0.072	1.918***	0.209
Residence
Rural®
Urban	1.11	0.164	1.010	0.092	1.039	0.079	1.005	0.114
Education
No schooling®
Completed primary	1.30	0.224	1.143	0.109	1.500***	0.140	0.926	0.131
Completed secondary	1.11	0.204	0.925	0.099	1.283**	0.125	1.396*	0.189
Completed diploma/college	0.90	0.255	0.634	0.126	1.359*	0.187	1.621*	0.316
Marital status
Currently married®
Widowed	0.69	0.169	1.192	0.136	0.710*	0.098	1.153	0.186
Divorced/separated	0.44	0.442	1.195	0.464	0.998	0.342	0.828	0.484
Not married	0.43	0.310	1.088	0.312	0.372**	0.142	0.900	0.348
MPCE quintile
Poorest®
Poorer	1.016	0.236	1.022	0.130	1.329*	0.165	1.362	0.241
Middle	1.174	0.264	1.192	0.148	1.281*	0.159	1.445*	0.252
Richer	1.581	0.336	1.233	0.154	1.721***	0.203	1.431*	0.250
Richest	1.322	0.297	1.122	0.148	1.916***	0.227	1.406	0.250
Engaged in energetic activities
Never®
Non-daily	0.934	0.169	1.030	0.115	0.954	0.093	1.550**	0.222
Daily	0.668**	0.098	0.867	0.075	0.838*	0.062	1.355**	0.156
Smoking
No®
Yes	1.078	0.155	1.632***	0.144	1.190*	0.089	1.195	0.134
Alcohol
No®
Yes	1.021	0.149	0.693***	0.062	1.119	0.082	1.156	0.127
Hypertension
No®
Yes	1.552**	0.225	1.754***	0.152	1.298***	0.100	1.443***	0.162
Depression
No®
Yes	2.140***	0.433	1.485**	0.200	1.444**	0.179	1.467*	0.265
BMI
Underweight®
Normal	1.302	0.254	0.897	0.088	1.347**	0.143	1.327	0.197
Overweight	0.994	0.241	0.577***	0.081	1.627***	0.199	1.147	0.211
Obese	1.354	0.455	0.481**	0.128	1.472*	0.267	1.573	0.406

Note: ®: Reference category; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Multivariate adjusted predictive margins (a) interaction of Diabetes & age (b) interaction of diabetes & hypertension (c) interaction of diabetes & hypertension (d) interaction of diabetes & EMEA on CRF, incontinence, kidney stone, and BPH among male older adults, India, LASI, 2017–2018.

Data availability statement

The data is available subject to a data request. To access the data, request can be put through the link- https://www.iipsindia.ac.in/content/LASI-data.