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Abstract
This article examines the development of an indigenous Turkish language press in Cyprus during the British colonial period (1878–1960). It argues that Turkish Cypriot newspapers were highly influential in the propagation of ethno-nationalist ideology, endorsing separate Greek and Turkish communal identities on the island and promoting ethnic attachments to the neighbouring Turkish Republic. The development of Turkish Cypriot newspapers was also shaped by the strict anti-nationalist censorship of the British colonial government and by the intensification of the Greek Cypriot campaign for unification with Greece. Finally, this article traces the conflicts between three rival newspapers in the immediate aftermath of the British colonial period as battle lines were drawn in the new nation.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Bekir Azgın and the two anonymous referees for their helpful suggestions regarding this article.
Notes
1. Holland and Markides, British and the Hellenes, 222.
2. Yiangou, Cyprus in World War II, 1.
3. According to British census data, Turkish or Muslim Cypriots made up around 20% of the overall population in Cyprus between 1878 and 1960 (Hatay, Turkish Cypriot Population, 22).
4. Hatay, Turkish Cypriot Population, 22; Cyprus Blue Book 1946, 234–35.
5. Bryant, Imagining the Modern, 35.
6. Arnold, Cyprus Challenge, 17. Arnold may be exaggerating but the principle of high per-copy readership stands.
7. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 46.
8. Şahin, Discursive Construction, 64
9. Lewis, “Echoes of Cosmopolitanism,” 235.
10. See the annual lists of newspapers in the Cyprus Blue Book reports of statistical data, published between 1880 and 1946.
11. A. B. Acheson, “Note”, January 10, 1941. FCO 141/2560, National Archives (NA), Kew.
12. Bryant, Imagining the Modern, 32.
13. Bryant, Imagining the Modern, 11, 23; Varnava, British Imperialism, 23–24.
14. Varnava, British Imperialism, 24.
15. Varnava, British Imperialism, 24.
16. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 116.
17. Kızılyürek, “Rauf Denktaş,” 177.
18. Nevzat, Turks of Cyprus, 354.
19. Uzer, Turkish Foreign Policy, 110.
20. Nevzat, Turks of Cyprus, 304–6.
21. Nevzat, Turks of Cyprus, 353.
22. Uzer, Turkish Foreign Policy, 110.
23. Xypolia, “Cypriot Muslims,” 116.
24. Quoted in Şahin, Discursive Construction, 41; Bryant, Imagining the Modern, 176.
25. Quoted in Nevzat and Hatay, “Decline of Islam,” 920.
26. Cyprus Gazette 1930, 761–770.
27. Cyprus Blue Book 1929, 186–87; Cyprus Blue Book 1930, 193.
28. Pusey, “Servitude Preferred,” 315.
29. Cyprus Gazette 1934, 367–77.
30. Cyprus Gazette 1936, 346–50.
31. Nevzat, Turks of Cyprus, 415.
32. Nevzat, Turks of Cyprus, 428. The Söz title was revived by Okan's daughters in the early 1940s.
33. “Notes of an interview between the Colonial Secretary and Dr Fadil.” August 19, 1942. CO 67/318/6, NA.
34. Draft P.I.O. Communiqué. January 19, 1943. CO 67/318/6, NA. According to the P.I.O., ‘one small pig’ was kept in a shed on the site for a few days and was later eaten for Christmas dinner.
35. W.P. Foster-Sutton. Memo to J.V.W. Shaw. January 19, 1943. CO 67/318/6, NA.
36. Charles Woolley. Letter to A.K. Helm. January 25, 1943. CO 67/318/6, NA.
37. J. V. W. Shaw. Minute. August 26, 1942. CO 67/318/6, NA.
38. Yiangou, Cyprus in World War II, 102.
39. Münir Necati. Letter to C. Woolley. September 20, 1945. FCO 141/2809, NA; D, Paralikis. Letter to the Director of Education. 16 November 1951. FCO 141/2809, NA.
40. SILGO. Memo to the Administrative Secretary, February 12, 1958. FCO 141/3906, NA.
41. Holland, Revolt in Cyprus, 105.
42. “Guide to Cyprus Press 1952.” SA1 1110/1949/2, Cyprus State Archives (SA), Nicosia; “Guide to Cyprus Press 1954”. SA1 1110/1949/2, SA.
43. “Cyprus Political Intelligence.” August 29, 1957. FCO 141/3906, NA.
44. Holland, Revolt in Cyprus, 156.
45. Fuat Memduh, Personal Interview, Nicosia, July 2013.
46. Uzer, Turkish Foreign Policy, 124.
47. Kızılyürek, “Rauf Denktaş,” 181.
48. Holland, Revolt in Cyprus, 242.
49. Yakinthou, Political Settlements, 53.
50. Weston Markides, Cyprus 1957–1963, 7.
51. Yakinthou, Political Settlements, 50.
52. Yakinthou, Political Settlements, 67.
53. Keser, Kıbrıs Türk Mücadele, 305.
54. Keser, Kıbrıs Türk Mücadele, 304.
55. Keser, Kıbrıs'ta Yeraltı Faliyetleri, 190.
56. Uludag, “Basında Değişen Ne?”
57. Kaymak, “Turkish Cypriot Politics,” 233.
58. In 2010, retired Turkish General Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu claimed in a TV interview that the Turkish military had bombed mosques in Cyprus in order to “raise the resistance of the people” against Greek Cypriots. Specific locations and dates were not mentioned, but his words were generally interpreted as a reference to the 1962 bombings (Hurriyet Daily News Sept. 28 2010).
59. Kaymak, “Turkish Cypriot Politics,” 233.