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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 16, 2014 - Issue 8
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Articles

‘People insult her as a sexy woman’: sexuality, stigma and vulnerability among widowed and divorced women in Oromiya, Ethiopia

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Pages 916-930 | Received 20 Oct 2013, Accepted 03 May 2014, Published online: 19 Jun 2014
 

Abstract

Widowed and divorced women, sometimes referred to as ‘female heads of household’, are one of the most impoverished and marginalised groups in the world. Widowed and divorced women are often overlooked in the literature or are seen primarily as economically or socially marginalised beings; their sexuality is rarely addressed. In an effort to understand the experiences and challenges faced by such women, we conducted and analysed four focus-group discussions, seven in-depth interviews and four interactive activities with 32 widowed and divorced women and with 25 other community members in Oromiya, Ethiopia. Findings indicate that women experienced high levels of community stigma in relation to their sexuality. Participants' fear of community stigma, and the actions they took to avert it, further served to marginalise them within their community and had negative impact on their economic, social and health support systems and, ultimately, on their overall well-being. Future interventions need to acknowledge sexual stigma as a driving force in the many challenges these women face. Further programmatic work is needed to reduce stigma related to widowed and divorced women's sexuality and to decrease their vulnerability to rape.

Las mujeres viudas o divorciadas, a veces llamadas «mujeres cabezas de familia», conforman uno de los grupos más empobrecidos y marginados del mundo. Los estudios académicos suelen pasarlas por alto. Las mismas son vistas principalmente como seres marginados económica o socialmente y su sexualidad raras veces es analizada. En un intento por comprender las vivencias y los retos enfrentados por estas mujeres, los autores realizaron, y posteriormente analizaron, diálogos en cuatro grupos focales, siete entrevistas a profundidad y cuatro actividades interactivas en las que participaron 32 mujeres viudas o divorciadas y 25 integrantes adicionales pertenecientes a la comunidad de Oromiya, Etiopía. Los resultados indican que las mujeres experimentan elevados niveles de estigma comunitario en relación a su sexualidad. El temor expresado por las participantes ante el estigma comunitario y las acciones que realizaron para evitarlo, solo sirvieron para marginarlas aún más en su comunidad, lo cual tuvo un impacto negativo en sus sistemas de apoyo económico, social y de salud, así como también en su bienestar general. Las acciones destinadas al apoyo a futuro, deberán tomar en cuenta que el estigma sexual constituye una fuerza impulsora de muchos de los retos enfrentados por estas mujeres. Se requiere de trabajo programático adicional para reducir el estigma relacionado con la sexualidad de las mujeres viudas o divorciadas y para disminuir su vulnerabilidad ante la violación sexual.

Les femmes veuves ou divorcées, souvent appelées « femmes chefs de famille », constituent l'un des groupes de population les plus pauvres et marginalisés dans le monde. Ces femmes sont souvent ignorées dans la littérature ou considérées principalement comme des êtres économiquement ou socialement marginalisés. Leur sexualité est rarement étudiée. Afin d'approfondir les connaissances sur les expériences de ces femmes et les défis auxquels elles sont confrontées, nous avons conduit et analysé quatre groupes de discussion thématique, sept entretiens en profondeur et quatre activités interactives avec 32 femmes veuves ou divorcées, et 25 autres personnes issues de leur communauté à Oromya, en Éthiopie. Les résultats indiquent qu'en raison de leur sexualité ces femmes subissent une forte stigmatisation dans leur communauté. La crainte de cette « stigmatisation communautaire » et les mesures que prennent les participantes pour l'éviter ont pour conséquence leur plus forte marginalisation au sein de la communauté et un impact négatif sur leurs systèmes de soutien économique, social et à la santé, et au bout du compte, sur leur bien-être général. Les futures interventions devront prendre en compte le rôle moteur joué par le stigma sexuel dans les nombreuses difficultés rencontrées par ces femmes. La réduction du stigma lié à la sexualité des femmes veuves ou divorcées et la diminution de leur vulnérabilité au viol exigent la poursuite des activités programmatiques.

Acknowledgements

Sincere thanks to CARE International for the institutional support and to the programme staff and field interviewers who worked hard to facilitate data collection, translation and transcription. Thanks go as well to the women and communities who participated and shared their stories.

Notes

1. In conservative, rural regions of Ethiopia such as the one described in this study, the term ‘widowed and divorced’ is used by the community to refer to women who are no longer in a legal or community sanctioned partnership.

2. Funding from USAID and CARE through the Reproductive Health Trust Fund.

3. Chat is a plant with stimulating properties. The waxy green leaves are chewed recreationally by the majority of the population.

Additional information

Funding

This research and the lead author were supported by the O.C. Hubert Fellowship in International Health through the Global Field Experience Award program and by the fund for the Global Elimination of Maternal Mortality from Abortion at the Rollins School of Public Health, at Emory University.

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