The emotional costs of computers: an expectancy-value theory analysis of predominantly low-socioeconomic status minority students’ STEM attitudes

Figures & data

Table 1. Factor loadings of EVT constructs and emotional costs (n=1045).

	Factor
	1	2	3	4
EC_1	0.705
EC_2	0.636
EC_3	0.573
EC_4	0.573
EC_5	0.442
EC_6	0.395
EC_7	0.380
EC_8	0.366
UV_1		0.572
UV_2		0.531
UV_3		0.517
UV_4		0.490
UV_5		0.446
UV_6		0.426
EX_1			0.658
EX_2			0.650
EX_3			0.519
EX_4			0.505
EX_5			0.499
IV_1				0.602
IV_2				0.535
IV_3				0.462

Note: 43.36% of variance explained by the four factors; factor loadings lower than 0.3 were suppressed.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for independent and control variables.

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Dev
Emotional Cost	1.00	3.00	1.57	0.44
Expectancy	1.00	3.00	2.61	0.38
Utility Value	1.00	3.00	2.92	0.20
Intrinsic Value	1.00	3.00	2.82	0.39
STEM Affinity	1.00	3.00	2.61	0.45
STEM Importance	1.00	3.00	2.78	0.40
STEM Career	1.00	3.00	1.80	0.57
Negative STEM	1.00	3.00	1.53	0.65
Gender (1 = Male)	0.00	1.00	0.51	0.50
Race (1 = African American )	0.00	1.00	0.83	0.38
Class Grade (1 = 5th grader)	0.00	1.00	0.54	0.49

Note: N = 1045.

Figure 1. Confirmatory factor analysis of expectancy-value theory items (three-factor model).

Figure 2. Confirmatory factor analysis of expectancy-value theory and emotional costs items (four-factor model).

Table 3. Regression coefficients: STEM affinity and STEM importance regressed on EVT constructs and emotional cost.

	STEM Affinity		STEM Importance
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Gender (1 = male)	0.019	0.024	−0.044	−.028
Race (1 = African American)	0.021	0.002	0.013	.005
Class Grade (1 = 5th grader)	−0.036	−0.029	0.028	.019
Emotional Cost		0.036		-.029
Intrinsic Value		0.261***		.110**
Utility Value		0.053		.244***
Expectancy		0.127**		.087**
F	0.737	18.810***	1.006	20.467***
Adjusted R2	0.000	0.107	0.000	0.115

Note: N = 1045. *p < .05; **p < .01; *** p < .001.

Table 4. Regression coefficients: STEM career and negative STEM regressed on EVT constructs and emotional cost.

	STEM career		Negative STEM
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Gender (1 = male)	0.130***	0.120***	−0.001	−.017
Race (1 = African American)	0.020	0.007	0.004	.002
Class Grade (1 = 5th grader)	−0.117***	−0.089**	−0.111***	−.081**
Emotional Cost		0.257***		.298***
Intrinsic Value		0.122***		−.038
Utility Value		−0.007		−.033
Expectancy		0.041		−.044
F	11.103***	17.341***	4.308**	19.651***
Adjusted R2	0.028	0.099	0.009	0.111

Note: N = 1045. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Figure 3. Path analysis of the effects of expectancy-value theory and emotional costs on dependent variables.