The struggle for co-existence: communication policy by private technical standards making and its limits in unlicensed spectrum

Figures & data

Table 1. Wi-Fi/LTE (unlicensed) SDOs.

Source: Authors.

Table 2. Applying multiple streams to the case of co-existence in unlicensed spectrum.

	Technical standards
	LTE	IEEE 802
Problem stream	Contention free	Contention based
	Space control	Space sharing
	Quality of service	Provision of access
	No LBT	LBT
	Single EDT	Dual EDT
Policy Stream	LTE-LAA	802.11ax
	LBT	LBT
	Single EDT	Dual EDT
Political Stream
	EU Radio Equipment Directive (Parliamentary/legislative)
	ETSI standard EN 301 893 revision (technical/legislative)
	Seamless licensed-unlicensed use through offloading (consumer/public preferences)
	Regular reception equipment upgrades (consumer/public preferences)

Source: Authors.