Riding the yellow wave: the online populist communication of Rassemblement National (RN) leaders in response to the Gilets Jaunes protests and the 2019 European elections

Lucia Posteraroa International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), Paris, FranceView further author information

Timothy Peaceb School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UKCorrespondence[email protected]

Marius Nyquist Pedersenc Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Oslo, Norway

Figures & data

Figure 1. Comparison of exclusionary and anti-elitist language for Marine Le Pen between June 2018 and September 2019.

Figure 2. Comparison of exclusionary and anti-elitist language for Jordan Bardella between June 2018 and September 2019.

Figure 3. Engagement timeline for Marine Le Pen and Jordan Bardella’s respective Twitter activity between June 2018 and September 2019.

Figure 4. Le Pen’s co-occurence network, Period 2 (October 2018–January 2019). The line opacity shows the frequency of the bigram.

Figure 5. Bardella’s co-occurence network, Period 2 (October 2018–January 2019). The line opacity shows the frequency of the bigram.

Figure 6. Le Pen’s co-occurence network, Period 3 (February 2019–May 2019).

Figure 7. Bardella’s co-occurence network, Period 3 (February 2019–May 2019).

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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, T.P., upon reasonable request.