Contact with parents from childhood to adulthood – a longitudinal study of children in kinship care and non-kinship care

Figures & data

Table 1. T1 variables associated with participation at T3.

Independent variables	Wald χ^2	d.f.	P
Only demographic variables
Age	3.89	1	0.049
Sex: girl	5.59	1	0.018
Type of placement 2	0.18	1	0.67
Age	4.14	1	0.042
Sex	4.74	1	0.029
Type of placement 2	0.08	1	0.78
Possibility for contact with mother	3.81	2	0.15
Possibility for contact with father	1.04	3	0.79
Demographic variables + Frequency of contact
Age	4.19	1	0.041
Sex	2.93	1	0.087
Type of placement 2	0.19	1	0.67
Frequency of contact with mother	1.45	1	0.23
Frequency of contact with father	1.73	1	0.19

Results that are significant at p < 0.05 are bolded.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics showing the number of children in each category (N) and the percentage of the total sample (%).

	N	%
Sex
Girl	114	44.9
Boy	140	55.1
Year of birth
1986–1988	83	32.7
1989–1991	89	35.0
1992–1995	82	32.3
Type of placement
NKC	113	44.5
Mother side	100	39.4
Father side	41	16.1

Figure 1. Children’s Possibility for contact with parents. Results given as the percentage at each timepoint.

Table 3. Frequency of contact with the parents for respondents having a living mother or father at the particular timepoint.

	T1^a	T2^a	T3^a
Mother (N)	232	99	61
Never/NA	5.6	6.1	9.8
Less than once a year	8.2	4.0	8.2
Few times a year	36.2	20.2	27.9
Monthly	40.9	52.5	16.4
Weekly	9.0	17.2	37.8
Father (N)	221	83	60
Never/NA	38.9	38.6	33.3
Less than once a year	10.4	8.4	11.7
Few times a year	27.6	16.9	18.3
Monthly	18.1	30.1	18.3
Weekly	5.0	6.0	18.3

Results given as the percentage at each timepoint.

^a Values from T1 and T2 (which include only physical contact) are not directly comparable with T3 (which includes all types of contact).

Table 4. Linear mixed models examining Frequency of contact with parents through time as a function of Type of placement 2 and Sex of the child.

	Estimate ± SE	T	P-value
Mother
Intercept	2.37 ± 0.31	7.62	<0.001
Timepoint 1 (T1)^a	0.011 ± 0.19	0.06	0.95
Timepoint 2 (T2)^a	0.20 ± 0.19	1.05	0.30
Age in 2000	−0.024 ± 0.024	−1.02	0.31
Sex: girl^b	0.099 ± 0.13	0.76	0.45
Type of placement 2: KC^c	0.24 ± 0.13	1.87	0.062
Father
Intercept	1.29 ± 0.34	3.79	<0.001
Timepoint1 (T1)^a	0.029 ± 0.15	0.20	0.84
Timepoint2 (T2)^a	−0.033 ± 0.16	−0.21	0.83
Age in 2000	−0.045 ± 0.029	−1.56	0.12
Sex: girl^b	0.41 ± 0.16	2.58	0.010
Type of placement 2: KC	0.40 ± 0.16	2.53	0.012

Age in 2000 is included as a control variable. Results that are significant at p < 0.05 are bolded.

^a Timepoint: Timepoint 3 is the reference category.

^b Sex: boy is the reference category.

^c Type of placement 2: NKC is the reference category.

Table 5. Linear mixed models examining Frequency of contact with parents through time as a function of Type of placement 3 and Sex of the child.

	Estimate ± SE		P-value
Mother
Intercept	2.49 ± 0.30	8.16	<0.001
Timepoint 1 (T1)^a	0.016 ± 0.19	0.09	0.93
Timepoint 2 (T2)^a	0.22 ± 0.19	1.14	0.26
Age in 2000	−0.034 ± 0.023	−1.49	0.14
Sex: girl^b	0.079 ± 0.12	0.64	0.52
Type of placement 3: mother side^c	0.46 ± 0.14	3.41	0.001
Type of placement 3: father side^c	−0.38 ± 0.18	−2.12	0.035
Father
Intercept	1.19 ± 0.33	3.54	<0.001
Timepoint 1 (T1)	0.027 ± 0.15	0.18	0.86
Timepoint 2 (T2)	−0.032 ± 0.16	−0.21	0.84
Age in 2000	−0.034 ± 0.028	−1.22	0.22
Sex: girl^b	0.40 ± 0.15	2.60	0.010
Type of placement 3: mother side^c	0.16 ± 0.17	0.94	0.35
Type of placement 3: father side^c	1.06 ± 0.23	4.69	<0.001

Age in 2000 is included as a control variable. Results that are significant at p < 0.05 are bolded.

^a Timepoint: Timepoint 3 is the reference category.

^b Sex: boy is the reference category.

^c Type of placement 3: NKC is the reference category.