The relationship between political and ethnic identity among UK ethnic minority and majority populations

Figures & data

Figure 1. Net political and ethnic identity of white UK or majority and ethnic minorities.

Table 1. Weighted estimates, by majority and minority groups.

	White UK or majority	Ethnic minority
Strength of Political Identity (Net)	−0.93	−1.09
Strength of Ethnic Identity (Net)	−0.71	−0.12
Proportion of valid votes cast for UKIP or BNP in 2010 General Election	0.05	0.04
Ethnic Group
white UK or majority	100%
Indian		25%
Pakistani		14%
Bangladeshi		5%
black Caribbean		10%
black African		13%
Mixed		12%
Other		21%
Sex
Men	44%	45%
Women	56%	55%
Age group
16–29 years	18%	33%
30–39 years	15%	27%
40–49 years	19%	21%
50–59 years	17%	10%
60+ years	30%	8%
Main activity status
Employed	56%	56%
Unemployed	5%	9%
Retired	25%	6%
Taking care of family	5%	11%
Full-time student	4%	14%
Ill or long term disability	4%	3%
Other	1%	1%
Highest educational qualification
Degree	20%	34%
Other higher	12%	12%
A level or equivalent	20%	21%
GCSE or equivalent	27%	19%
Other qualifications	6%	3%
No qualifications	16%	11%
Household NSSEC (highest)
Higher	37%	41%
Intermediate	16%	17%
Lower	17%	20%
Other	30%	22%
Gross household monthly income
Income quintile, Lowest	21%	17%
Income quintile, 2nd	20%	19%
Income quintile, 3rd	20%	22%
Income quintile, 4th	20%	21%
Income quintile, Highest	19%	20%
Marital status
Never married	20%	35%
non-marital cohabitation	13%	5%
Married or civil partnership	52%	53%
Separated, divorced or widowed	15%	7%
Country of birth (generation)
Born outside UK	0%	63%
Born in UK	100%	37%
Party affiliation
Can't Vote, None, Don't Know	23%	27%
Conservative	29%	13%
Labour, Liberal Democrat, Green	44%	60%
Regional Parties	4%	0%
Region of residence
London	8%	47%
Rest of England	75%	49%
Wales	5%	1%
Scotland	9%	2%
Northern Ireland	3%	1%
Egalitarian Score Category
Egalitarian Score> = 75th percentile	28%	21%
Egalitarian Score 25–75th percentiles	50%	46%
Egalitarian Score < 25th percentile	21%	33%
Religion
No religious affiliation	18%	6%
Christian-Protestant	68%	24%
Christian-Catholic	12%	12%
Muslim	0%	31%
Hindu	0%	15%
Sikh	0%	7%
Other	2%	6%
Number of observations	23,517	4,532

Figure 2. The association of selected individual and contextual characteristics with majority and minority political identity.

Table 2. Estimated coefficients of models of strength of (net) political and ethnic identity estimated using SUR.

	White UK or majority		Ethnic minority
	Strength of (net)		Strength of (net)
	Political identity	Ethnic identity	Political identity	Ethnic Identity
Sex (Ref: Men)
Women	−0.24**	−0.09**	−0.18**	0.12**
Age group (Ref: 30–39 years)
16–29 years	−0.13**	−0.11**	0.02	0.12**
40–49 years	0.14**	0.11**	0.13**	0.06
50–59 years	0.21**	0.10**	0.18**	0.08
60+ years	0.35**	0.21**	0.19+	0.12
Main activity status (Ref: Employed)
Unemployed	0.23**	0.09*	0.04	0.12*
Retired	0.48**	0.29**	0.21+	0.21*
Taking care of family	0.33**	0.23**	0.16**	0.16**
Full-time student	0.09*	−0.07+	−0.07	−0.03
Ill or long term disability	0.36**	0.24**	0.00	0.24**
Other	0.08	−0.01	0.20	0.26+
Highest educational qualification (Ref: degree or higher)
Other higher	−0.09**	0.06*	−0.01	0.02
A level or equivalent	−0.04+	0.14**	0.04	0.09*
GCSE or equivalent	−0.05*	0.16**	0.10*	0.19**
Other qualifications	−0.04	0.22**	0.08	0.01
No qualifications	−0.03	0.19**	0.21**	0.34**
Household NSSEC (Ref: Higher)
Intermediate	−0.01	0.05*	−0.07	0.05
Lower	−0.06**	0.08**	−0.16**	−0.02
Other	−0.05+	0.05+	0.07	0.05
Gross household monthly income (Ref: 4th)
Income quintile, Lowest	0.05*	0.00	0.06	0.02
Income quintile, 2nd	0.01	−0.04	0.01	0.02
Income quintile, 3rd	0.01	−0.02	0.05	0.01
Income quintile, Highest	0.03	0.02	−0.03	0.06
Marital status (Ref: Never married)
non-marital cohabitation	−0.02	−0.04	0.21*	0.12
Married or civil partnership	−0.09**	−0.06*	0.08	0.07+
Separated, divorced or widowed	−0.11**	−0.02	0.1	0.25**
Country of birth (Ref: Born outside UK)
Born in UK	0	0	0.13**	0.10**
Proportion of Valid Votes cast for UKIP or BNP in 2010 General Election	−0.23	0.52*	−0.41	0.54
Party Affiliation (Ref: Can't Vote, None, Don't Know)
Conservative	0.40**	0.06**	0.26**	0.00
Labour, Liberal Democrat, Green	0.44**	−0.01	0.31**	0.11**
Regional Parties	0.38**	0.10*	0.08	−0.42*
Constant	−1s.31**	−0.99**	−1.43**	−0.62**
Number of observations	23,324		4,527
R-squared	0.134	0.055	0.049	0.055

Notes: Weighted estimates; +p < .10 *p < .05 **p < .01.

Table 3. Estimated correlation coefficient of the (unobservables) error terms in the political and ethnic identity models.

	Entire sample	Restricted sample for evaluation of harassment
All
White UK or majority	0.33**
ethnic minority	0.18**	0.20**
No party affiliation
White UK or majority	0.36**
ethnic minority	0.14**	0.16**
Conservative
White UK or majority	0.35**
ethnic minority	0.12**	0.13*
Labour, Liberal Democrats or Green
White UK or majority	0.28**
ethnic minority	0.22**	0.24**
Regional parties
White UK, parties	0.44**
High Egalitarian
White UK or majority	0.30**
ethnic minority	0.14**	0.13**
Low Egalitarian
White UK or majority	0.33**
ethnic minority	0.19**	0.22**
Number of observations	23,324 (white UK or majority) 4527 (ethnic minority)	2859 (ethnic minority)

Notes: weighted estimates; +p < 0.10 *p < .05 **p < .01 based on Breusch-Pagan test of independence of the residuals.

Figure 3. The association of harassment and Muslim affiliation with minorities’ (net) ethnic and political identities.

Table 4. Estimated coefficients of models of strength of (net) political and ethnic identity estimated using SUR.

	White UK or majority		Ethnic minority
	Strength of (net)		Strength of (net)
	Political identity	Ethnic identity	Political identity	Ethnic identity
Base Model + Religion
Religious affiliation (Ref: Not Muslim)
Muslim	0.15	0.09	0.10**	0.03
Number of observations	23,324		4527
Base Model + Harassment
Harassment (Ref: None)
Physically or verbally attacked			0.16*	−0.03
Felt unsafe or avoided places			−0.04	0.01
Number of observations			2859
Base Model + Ethnic and racial harassment
Ethnic and racial harassment (Ref: none)
Physically or verbally attacked due to ethnicity, religion or nationality			0.17*	0.08
Number of observations			2859

Notes: Weighted estimates; +p < .10 *p < .05 **p < .01.