Two centuries of flows between ‘here’ and ‘there’: political remittances and their transformative potential

Figures & data

Figure 1. Sending, transmission, reception and impact of political remittances.

Figure 2. Ideal-types of political remittances flows.

Table 1. Overview of articles in the special issue.

Author(s)	Title	Places of migration	Time period	Operationalisation
I. Remittances and political practices
Jürgen Schmidt	The German Labour Movement, 1830s-1840s: Early Efforts at Political Transnationalism	German journeymen in Switzerland, France and Britain	First half of nineteenth century	Circulation of political and economic ideals through the physical circulation of people (type 1)
Lynne Ann Hartnett	Relief and Revolution: Russian Émigrés' Political Remittances and the Building of Political Transnationalism	Russian migrants to Britain	late nineteenth/early twentieth century	Political activism of émigrés and the transmission of political ideals (type 2)
Nicola Piper & Stefan Rother	Political Remittances and the Diffusion of a Rights-Based Approach to Migration Governance: The case of the Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA)	Asian migrant workers	1990s-2000s	Transnational advocacy in a regional forum (type 4)
II. Remittances and narratives of belonging
Félix Krawatzek & Gwendolyn Sasse	Language, Locality, and Transnational Belonging: Remitting the Everyday Practice of Cultural Integration	German migrants to the US	1820–1970	Narratives of belonging from across the US to German-speaking Europe (type 2)
Iain Anderson	“We’re Coming!” Danish American Identity, Fraternity, and Political Remittances in the Era of World War II	Danish migrants to the US	Early twentieth century	Political involvement of Danish migrant organisations in the US during crises (type 1)
Lea Müller-Funk	Fluid identities, Diaspora Youth Activists and the (Post-)Arab Spring: How Narratives of Belonging Can Change over Time	Descendants of Egyptian migrants in Austria	2010s	Political mobilisation of descendants of migrants for political change in place of origin (type 3)
III. Remittances and the role of the state
Ayumi Takenaka	The Paradox of Diaspora Engagement: A Historical Analysis of Japanese State-Diaspora Relations	Japanese emigration	1868-today	Political discourse about Japanese overseas population (type 3)
Eszter Kovács	Direct and Indirect Political Remittances of the Transnational Engagement of Hungarian Kin-Minorities and Diaspora Communities	Hungarian kin-minorities and migrants	1990s-2010s	State-policy to mobilise different kinds of diaspora (type 1)
Benjamin Bruce	Imams for the Diaspora: The Turkish State’s International Theology Programme	Descendants of Turkish emigrants	2000s	State-initiated cultivation of religious identity of migrants (type 3)