Early career trajectories of first- and second-generation migrant graduates of professional university

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics by migration background.

	Native Dutch	First-generation minority	Second-generation minority
Labour market 1 year after graduation
Unemployment	4.8%	13.0%	11.1%
Hourly wage (mean Euros)	€14.43	€14.99	€14.61
Skill shortage	6.2%	9.9%	8.8%
Skill utilisation	64.4%	54.5%	53.8%
Job satisfaction	67.9%	58.6%	57.5%
Mediators
Field of study
Agriculture	3.4%	1.4%	0.6%
Education	13.7%	5.0%	8.1%
Technical	18.2%	19.4%	13.3%
Economics	36.7%	52.6%	52.0%
Health care	13.2%	7.8%	6.9%
Social studies	14.8%	13.8%	19.0%
GPA relative to class mates	0.01	−0.06	−0.08
Extracurricular experiences
Relevant work	47.7%	46.2%	44.3%
Administrative experience	16.2%	18.7%	14.1%
Control variables
Gender: female	56.7%	56.1%	60.3%
Living abroad at time of survey	2.0%	8.7%	2.0%
Age at graduation (mean years)	23.7	26.0	24.7
Graduation year
2007	8.7%	9.8%	7.3%
2008	8.0%	8.0%	5.9%
2009	8.1%	8.8%	6.6%
2010	8.9%	9.4%	7.9%
2011	8.6%	7.7%	7.9%
2012	8.9%	8.0%	9.4%
2013	9.4%	8.6%	9.4%
2014	9.0%	9.7%	9.6%
2015	10.1%	9.2%	11.4%
2016	10.4%	9.7%	11.9%
2017	10.0%	11.1%	12.7%
Study region
North	11.8%	5.9%	3.8%
East	23.7%	14.4%	13.3%
West	39.3%	66.8%	69.3%
South	25.2%	13.0%	13.6%
Prior education
Senior general secondary education (HAVO)	53.8%	37.1%	49.6%
Pre-university education (VWO)	15.1%	11.7%	7.4%
Secondary vocational education (MBO)	26.5%	34.7%	38.3%
Previous college degree	3.0%	7.6%	2.6%
Other	1.5%	9.0%	2.1%
Further education	18.2%	18.6%	17.3%
N	101,590	3264	5781

Table 2. Logistic regressions on employment status (marginal effects).

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.
Migration status (ref. native Dutch)
1st generation non-western	−5.5%	***	0.3%	−3.3%	***	0.4%	−3.1%	***	0.4%
2nd generation non-western	−4.6%	***	0.2%	−3.3%	***	0.8%	−3.2%	***	0.4%
Standard controls^a	no			yes			yes
Mediators
Field of study (ref. economics)
Agriculture							−1.1%	**	0.4%
Education							2.7%	***	0.2%
Technical studies							1.2%	***	0.2%
Health studies							4.8%	***	0.3%
Social studies							1.1%	***	0.2%
GPA							1.0%	***	0.1%
Extracurricular experience
Relevant work experience							1.3%	***	0.1%
Administrative experience							0.9%	***	0.2%
Mills ratio: lambda	−0.1%	*	0.1%	2.6%	***	0.8%	1.6%	*	0.7%

Notes: ^aThe standard control variables are gender, age (linear and quadratic), graduation cohort, study province, living abroad at time of survey, prior education and further education.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

^c N = 110,635.

Table 3. Regressions on ln(hourly earnings).

	Model 1			Model 2		Model 3
	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate	S.E.	Estimate		S.E.
Migration status (ref. native Dutch)
1st generation non-western	2.8%	***	0.5%	−0.8%	0.6%	−1.0%		0.6%
2nd generation non-western	0.8%	*	0.4%	−0.6%	0.5%	−0.7%		0.5%
Standard controls^a	no			yes		yes
Mediators
Field of study (ref. economics)
Agriculture						−1.2%	*	0.5%
Education						3.3%	***	0.3%
Technical studies						4.2%	***	0.2%
Health studies						13.1%	***	0.3%
Social studies						3.2%	***	0.2%
GPA						3.0%	***	0.1%
Extracurricular experience
Relevant work experience						1.8%	***	0.2%
Administrative experience						1.2%	***	0.2%
Mills ratio: lambda	−0.9%	***	0.1%	−0.2%	0.9%	−3.6%	***	0.9%

Notes:

^a The standard control variables are gender, age (linear and quadratic), graduation cohort, study province, living abroad at time of survey, prior education and further education.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

^c N = 91,430.

Table 4. Ordered logistic regressions on skill shortage.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.
Migration status (ref. native Dutch)
1st generation non-western	0.192	***	0.035	0.289	***	0.042	0.292	***	0.042
2nd generation non-western	0.066	*	0.026	0.157	***	0.037	0.185	***	0.037
Standard controls^a	no			yes			yes
Mediators
Field of study (ref. economics)
Agriculture							0.348	***	0.038
Education							−0.023		0.019
Technical studies							0.252	***	0.017
Health studies							0.125	***	0.019
Social studies							−0.120	***	0.018
GPA							−0.104	***	0.011
Extracurricular experience
Relevant work experience							−0.072	***	0.012
Administrative experience							−0.010		0.016
Mills ratio: lambda	0.057	***	0.005	0.247	***	0.065	0.286	***	0.065

Notes:

^a The standard control variables are gender, age (linear and quadratic), graduation cohort, study province, living abroad at time of survey, prior education and further education.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

^c N = 104,101.

Table 5. Ordered logistic regressions on skill utilisation.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.
Migration status (ref. native Dutch)
1st generation non-western	−0.339	***	0.034	−0.180	***	0.042	−0.074		0.042
2nd generation non-western	−0.397	***	0.026	−0.247	***	0.037	−0.176	***	0.037
Standard controls^a	no			yes			yes
Mediators
Field of study (ref. economics)
Agriculture							0.082	*	0.038
Education							1.228	***	0.020
Technical studies							0.395	***	0.017
Health studies							1.001	***	0.020
Social studies							0.147	***	0.018
GPA							0.251	***	0.011
Extracurricular experience
Relevant work experience							0.196	***	0.012
Administrative experience							0.104	***	0.016
Mills ratio: lambda	−0.060	***	0.005	0.237	***	0.064	0.044		0.065

Notes:

^a The standard control variables are gender, age (linear and quadratic), graduation cohort, study province, living abroad at time of survey, prior education and further education.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

^c N = 104,243.

Table 6. Ordered logistic regressions on job satisfaction.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Estimates		S.E.	Estimates		S.E.	Estimates		S.E.
Migration status (ref. native Dutch)
1st generation non-western	−0.360	***	0.034	−0.253	***	0.041	−0.219	***	0.042
2nd generation non-western	−0.390	***	0.026	−0.317	***	0.037	−0.278	***	0.037
Standard controls^a	no			yes			yes
Mediators
Field of study (ref. economics)
Agriculture							0.225	***	0.038
Education							0.435	***	0.019
Technical studies							0.351	***	0.017
Health studies							0.534	***	0.019
Social studies							−0.055	**	0.018
GPA							0.146	***	0.011
Extracurricular experience
Relevant work experience							0.126	***	0.012
Administrative experience							0.086	***	0.016
Mills ratio: lambda	−0.051	***	0.005	0.040		0.064	−0.067		0.064

Notes:

^a The standard control variables are gender, age (linear and quadratic), graduation cohort, study province, living abroad at time of survey, prior education and further education.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

^c N = 104,424.

Table 7. Effects of migration status on outcomes in the medium term.

	No controls			Standard controls			Control for short-term			Control for mediators
	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.	Estimate		S.E.
Odds of being employed
1st generation non-western	−1.7%		1.2%	0.0%		1.3%	−0.1%		1.3%	−0.4%		1.6%
2nd generation non-western	−2.7%	**	0.8%	−2.1%	*	0.9%	−2.0%	*	0.9%	−2.3%	*	1.4%
Hourly earnings
1st generation non-western	−7.6%	**	2.8%	−6.4%	*	2.7%	−7.3%	**	2.6%	−5.2%	*	2.6%
2nd generation non-western	−1.5%		2.1%	0.5%		2.1%	−1.0%		2.0%	1.1%		2.2%
Job satisfaction
1st generation non-western	−0.484	*	0.197	−0.367		0.203	−0.360		0.203	−0.332		0.207
2nd generation non-western	−0.212		0.150	−0.149		0.157	−0.129		0.158	−0.092		0.159
Skill shortage
1st generation non-western	0.324		0.205	0.244		0.211	0.229		0.211	0.320		0.215
2nd generation non-western	0.178		0.155	0.140		0.162	0.160		0.162	0.235		0.164
Skill utilisation
1st generation non-western	−0.359		0.204	−0.181		0.210	−0.193		0.211	−0.176		0.215
2nd generation non-western	−0.189		0.156	−0.068		0.163	−0.068		0.163	−0.055		0.165

Notes:

^a Controls for field of study, GPA, experiences during study, SES, gender, age (linear and quadratic), graduation cohort, study province, living abroad at time of survey, prior education and further education.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

^c N = 5984.