Family neighbours and neighbourhood integration: comparing contacts and networks of migrants and natives

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model for neighbourhood ties of natives and migrants (NB means neighbourhood).

Table 2. Differences in local ties between migrants and natives.

	Migration background			Test
	Native	Migrant	Total
	%	%	%
Contact frequency neighbourhood
Daily	10.0	18.7	13.7
Weekly	30.6	32.8	31.5
Monthly	29.7	26.9	28.5
Less often	16.5	9.0	13.3
Not	13.2	12.6	13.0
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	92.4*
Network size
0	17.8	32.1	24.2
1	20.5	30.2	24.8
2	22.4	18.5	20.7
3	16.3	9.8	13.4
4	16.2	5.3	11.3
5	6.8	4.1	5.6
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	236.8*
Local network
0	75.1	74.6	74.9
1	17.6	18.4	17.9
2	5.9	5.2	5.6
3	1.4	1.8	1.6
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0
Share of local network ties
Mean	0.173	0.266	0.210	7.24*
Share of local non-kin network
Mean	0.161	0.289	0.231	4.50*
Distance to parents
Further away	59.8	16.7	40.5
Same place	27.2	28.5	27.8
Same neighbourhood	11.4	16.3	13.6
Abroad	1.6	38.5	18.1
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	1091.5*
Distance to domestic parents
Further away	60.8	27.1	49.4
Same place	27.6	46.4	33.9
Same neighbourhood	11.6	26.5	16.6
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	261.2*
N (all parents)	1979	1607	3586

Note: Persons 18–45 living independently with at least one parent alive.

Source: NELLS (weighted).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

	Natives			Migrants
Variable	N	Mean	s.d.	N	Mean	s.d.
Age	1979	34.9	7.0	1607	34.2	6.7
Male vs. female	1979	0.446		1607	0.458
Partner, no kids	1979	0.228		1607	0.104
Partner & children	1979	0.538		1607	0.644
Single parent	1979	0.046		1607	0.082
Education (isled, z)	1978	63.7	18.7	1604	51.7	21.4
Work hours	1979	30.7	16.4	1607	23.1	19.5
Working hours (women)	1096	24.2	14.6	871	15.6	17.2
Poverty scale	1915	0.460	0.953	1404	1.123	1.440
Religiosity	1908	0.675	1.128	1393	2.161	1.275
% Immigrants neighbourhood	1979	10.0	10.3	1607	26.5	17.9
Neighbourhood deprivation	1979	−0.242	0.949	1607	0.325	1.0
Urbanisation	1979	2.32	1.10	1607	3.26	0.81
Time in neighbourhood	1897	1.59	0.86	1562	1.62	0.80
Parents in neighbourhood	1970	0.122		1601	0.164
Parents in same place	1970	0.286		1601	0.270
Parents abroad	1970	0.017		1601	0.403
Network size	1979	2.10	1.50	1607	1.39	1.38
Non-kin network size	1979	0.36	1.04	1607	0.43	1.03

Source: NELLS data.

Table 3. Ordered logit models for neighbourhood contact frequency.

	M1: All respondents	M2: All respondents	M2: Natives (average marginal effects)	M2: Migrants (average marginal effects)
Migration background	.444*	.074
	(5.87)	(0.68)
Age	.166*	.063	.009^∼	.001
	(4.10)	(1.44)	(1.88)	(0.10)
Male vs. female	−.200*	−.020	.003	−.020
	(−2.94)	(−0.25)	(.28)	(−1.31)
Time in neighbourhood	.192*	.085*	.005	.016^∼
	(5.07)	(2.15)	(1.01)	(1.81)
Partner, no kids		.028	.019	−.045#
		(0.26)	(1.62)	(−1.43)
Partner & children		.612*	.069*	.053^∼
		(5.34)	(4.92)	(1.89)
Single parent		.397*	.086*	−.018#
		(2.02)	(3.71)	(−0.42)
Education (isled, z)		−.216*	−.017*	−.031*
		(−5.41)	(−3.35)	(−3.40)
Work hours		−.256*	−.026*	−.030*
		(−5.17)	(−3.85)	(−2.79)
Male × hours		.210*	.022*	.021
		(2.96)	(2.25)	(1.24)
Poverty scale		−.085*	−.011*	−.008
		(−2.54)	(−2.05)	(−1.42)
Religiosity		.132*	.003	.032*#
		(3.26)	(0.56)	(3.62)
% Immigrants neighbourhood		−.025	−.013^∼	−.004
		(−0.48)	(−1.88)	(−0.50)
Neighbourhood deprivation		−.039	−.009^∼	.002
		(−0.92)	(−1.86)	(0.19)
Urbanisation		−.010	.002	.007
		(−0.22)	(0.29)	(0.62)
Parents in neighbourhood		.222*	.008	.048^∼
		(2.06)	(0.62)	(1.86)
Parents in same place		.027	.005	−.003
		(0.34)	(0.65)	(−0.13)
Parents abroad		.164	−.001	.025
		(1.19)	(−0.02)	(0.89)
Generation				.009
				(0.45)
N	3322	3322	1914	1402

Notes: t-Values in parentheses. Multiple imputation of missing data (no fit statistics). Intercepts not printed. Average marginal effects in terms of probabilities of daily contact.

Source: NELLS data.

^∼ p < 0.10, *p < 0.05.

^# Significant interaction with migrant status (p < 0.10).

Table 4. Poisson models for the number of network members in the neighbourhood.

	M1a: All respondents	M1b: All respondents	M2: All respondents	M2: Natives (average marginal effects)	M2: Migrants (average marginal effects)
Migration background	.012	.336*	.134^∼
	(.14)	(4.66)	(1.81)
Age	−.024	.048	.007	−.009	.005
	(−.69)	(1.35)	(.19)	(−.20)	(.08)
Male vs. female	−.403*	−.266*	−.171*	−.203*	−.177^∼
	(−5.90)	(−4.19)	(−2.62)	(−2.08)	(−1.94)
Network size		.455*	.505*	.475*	.530*
		(25.31)	(30.08)	(16.72)	(23.45)
Time in neighbourhood	.018	.058^∼	−.009	−.014	.011
	(.53)	(1.80)	(−.29)	(−.36)	(.25)
Partner, no kids			.067	.090	.072
			(.65)	(.61)	(.50)
Partner & children			.309*	.377*	.189^∼
			(3.51)	(2.80)	(1.67)
Single parent			.140	.419*	−.141^#
			(1.23)	(2.13)	(−.81)
Education (isled, z)			−.050	−.026	−.095*
			(−1.58)	(−.50)	(−2.33)
Work hours			−.132*	−.169*	−.109^∼
			(−3.11)	(−2.69)	(−1.92)
Male × hours			.141*	.198^∼	.127
			(2.05)	(1.81)	(1.52)
Poverty scale			.025	.024	.034
			(.90)	(.48)	(.98)
Religiosity			−.041	−.022	−.057
			(−1.30)	(−.47)	(−1.22)
% Immigrants neighbourhood			−.059^∼	−.076	−.024
			(−1.77)	(−.95)	(−.58)
Neighbourhood deprivation			.037	−.015	.067^∼
			(1.18)	(−.27)	(1.81)
Urbanisation			.041	.119*	−.101^#
			(1.02)	(2.20)	(−1.53)
Parents in neighbourhood			1.455*	1.498*	1.468*
			(21.79)	(17.63)	(11.68)
Parents in same place			.182*	.062	.421*^#
			(1.99)	(.59)	(2.46)
Parents abroad			.300*	.208	.429*
			(3.32)	(.77)	(2.70)
Generation					−.001
					(−.01)
Constant		−2.123*	−2.870*
		(−27.30)	(−24.04)
N		3586	3586	1979	1601

Notes: t-Values in parentheses. Multiple imputation of missing data (no fit statistics). Intercepts not printed.

Source: NELLS data. ^∼p < 0.10, *p < 0.05

^# Significant interaction with migrant status (p < 0.10).

Table 5. Logit models for parents in the same neighbourhood.

	M1: All respondents	M2: All respondents	M2: Natives (average marginal effects)	M2: Migrants (average marginal effects)
Migration background	2.188*	.833*
	(21.72)	(5.51)
Age	.321*	.066	.002	.022
	(6.71)	(1.11)	(0.23)	(1.15)
Male vs. female	−.157*	−.012	−.010	.025
	(−2.01)	(−0.10)	(−0.55)	(0.78)
Parents not together	.207*	.035	−.009	.032
	(2.24)	(0.32)	(−0.62)	(1.02)
Partner, no kids		.161	.018	.014
		(0.82)	(0.65)	(0.25)
Partner & children		.249	.033	.026
		(1.43)	(1.15)	(0.58)
Single parent		.418	.031	.094
		(1.57)	(0.74)	(1.39)
Education (isled, z)		−.268*	−.041*	−.028^#
		(−4.40)	(−4.59)	(−1.62)
Work hours		−.035	.004	−.022
		(−0.41)	(0.30)	(−1.02)
Male × hours		.010	−.016	.028
		(0.09)	(−0.77)	(0.98)
Poverty scale		−.055	−.017	−.007
		(−0.97)	(−1.29)	(−0.54)
Religiosity		.198*	.003	.073*^#
		(3.64)	(0.37)	(4.64)
% Immigrants neighbourhood		.123	.012	.029
		(1.53)	(0.59)	(1.51)
Neighbourhood deprivation		.158*	−.007	.053*
		(2.15)	(−0.60)	(2.97)
Urbanisation		−.357*	−.016	−.102*^#
		(−4.26)	(−1.43)	(−4.34)
Generation				−.019
				(−0.46)
Constant	−1.889	−2.139*
	(−21.75)	(−11.14)
N	3571	2892	1937	955

Notes: t-Values in parentheses. Multiple imputation of missing data (no fit statistics). Reference is further away (not in neighbourhood). Marginal effects in terms of probabilities.

Source: NELLS data.

^∼ p < 0.10, *p < 0.05.

^# Significant interaction with migrant status (p < 0.10).

Table 6. Mediation analyses of differences between migrants and natives.

	Percentage mediated for contact frequency	Percentage mediated for local network ties	Percentage mediated for parents in same NB
Total migrant effect	0.358*	0.385*	1.071*
Direct migrant effect	0.074	0.122	0.838*
Indirect migrant effect	0.285*	0.263*	0.233*
Decomposition:
Partner, no kids	−1.26	−3.29	−9.22
Partner & children	16.08	5.46	9.38
Single parent	6.31	2.47	7.26
Education (isled, z)	37.49	8.69	61.69
Work hours	26.97	13.87	4.69
Male × hours	−10.47	−7.55	−0.63
Poverty scale	−15.34	5.85	−13.38
Religiosity	45.20	−11.51	78.89
% Immigrants neighbourhood	−8.09	−21.96	52.28
Neighbourhood deprivation	−6.87	7.51	33.19
Urbanisation	−2.97	13.55	−125.15
Parents in neighbourhood	11.29	76.61
Parents in same place	1.66	10.31
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00

Note: Based on models estimated in Tables 3–5.

Source: NELLS data.

Data availability statement

Data are publicly available at DANS-KNAW (www.dans-knaw.nl).