Transnational youth mobility: new categories for migrant youth research

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

	Full sample		Sub-sample
	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
Country of survey
Netherlands	473	23.43	87	10.51
Belgium	654	32.39	316	38.16
Germany	892	44.18	425	51.33
Total	2019	100	828	100
Generation
Native	1064	56.24
First-generation	211	11.15	211	25.48
Second generation	312	16.49	312	37.68
One migrant parent	305	16.12	305	36.84
Total	1892	100	828	100
Region of origin (only for those of migrant descent)
Western Europe	226	22.22	130	15.85
Eastern Europe	130	12.78	86	10.49
Turkey/Morocco	262	25.76	247	30.12
Global South	399	39.23	357	43.54
Total	1017	100	820	100
School track student
Low	452	22.49	175	21.29
Middle	396	19.70	109	13.26
High	772	38.41	307	37.35
Combined level	390	19.40	231	28.10
Total	2010	100	822	100
Parental education
Max high school diploma	405	24.22	246	37.19
Vocational	185	11.06	55	8.31
Polytechnic	456	27.27	136	21.12
University	626	37.44	218	33.38
Total	1672	100	655	100
Enough to live on
Yes	1462	83.54	526	77.70
No/sometimes	288	16.46	151	22.30
Total	1750	100	677	100

	N	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Bedrooms per person	1716	0.86	0.42	0	6
	662	0.81	0.44	0	6

Source: MO-TRAYL survey 2018–2020.

Table 2. Migrant region by generation (row percentages).

Migrant generation	Region of origin
	Western Europe	Eastern Europe	Turkey/Morocco	Global South
First-generation (N = 204)	21	19	9	50
Second-generation (N = 311)	5	8	40	47
One migrant parent (N = 299)	24	7	35	34
Total (N = 814)	16	11	30	43

Source: MO-TRAYL survey 2018–2020.

Table 3. Frequency of travel abroad by migrant generation (row percentages).

Migrant generation	Types of trips made abroad
	Never	Every few years	Once a year	Multiple times a year
Native (n = 1049)	6	17	27	49
First-generation (n = 206)	13	32	22	34
Second-generation (n = 302)	3	37	33	27
One migrant parent (n = 298)	4	20	26	50
Total (n = 1855)	6	23	27	44

Source: MO-TRAYL survey 2018–2020.

Table 4. Visits to own or parents’ country of origin.

Country of survey	Freq.	Percent
Never visited	109	14
One/two times	105	13
Several times	96	12
Every two years	172	21
Every year	319	40
Total	801	100

Source: MO-TRAYL survey 2018–2020.

Table 5. Frequency of visits to own or parents’ country of origin (row percentages).

	Visits to parent’s country of origin
	Never visited	One/two times	Several times	Every two years	Every year
Migrant generation
First-generation (n = 194)	19	15	7	18	41
Second-generation (n = 306)	10	15	13	26	36
One migrant parent (n = 299)	13	10	14	19	43
Total (n = 799)	14	13	12	21	40
Pearson’s Chi^2 (8)	20.78 (p < 0.01)
Region of origin
Western Europe (n = 124)	2	9	6	10	73
Eastern Europe (n = 83)	4	5	6	18	68
Turkey/Morocco (n = 242)	3	3	9	34	51
Global South (n = 337)	27	24	17	18	13
Total (n = 786)	13	13	12	22	40
Pearson’s Chi^2 (12)	302.23 (p < 0.001)

Source: MO-TRAYL survey 2018–2020.

Table 6. Ordered logistic regression of frequency of visits to own or parents’ country of origin.

	Log odds	SE	95% Confidence interval
Migrant generation (ref: First-Generation)
Second-generation	0.26	0.30	−0.33 to 0.85
One migrant parent	−0.55	0.30	−1.15 to 0.04
Region of origin (ref: Global South)
Western Europe	2.71***	0.36	2.02 to 3.41
Eastern Europe	2.94***	0.42	2.11 to 3.77
Turkey/Morocco	2.93***	0.30	2.35 to 3.51
Bedrooms per person	0.40	0.22	−0.04 to 0.83
Have enough to live	0.34	0.25	−0.15 to 0.84
Parental education (ref High School)
Vocational	0.80	0.45	−0.08 to 1.69
Polytechnic	0.61*	0.30	0.02 to 1.21
University	0.29	0.27	−0.23 to 0.81
Pseudo R-squared	0.22
Log Likelihood	−346.85
Number of observations	504	Prob > chi^2	0.000

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.

Source: MO-TRAYL survey 2018–2020.

Table 7. Ordered logistic regression of frequency of travel abroad.

	Model 1		Model 2
	Coef.	SE	Coef.	SE
Youth with migration background^a	−0.25*	0.12	0.38	0.26
Bedrooms per person	0.28	0.14	0.29*	0.14
Have enough to live	0.70***	0.15	1.09***	0.21
Enough to live*Youth with migration background			−0.78**	0.29
Parental education (ref High School)
Vocational	−0.05	0.18	−0.03	0.18
Polytechnic	0.62***	0.15	0.64***	0.15
University	1.26***	0.14	1.26***	0.14
Pseudo R-squared	0.06
Number of observations	1361
Prob > chi^2	0.000

***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.

^a Includes first- and second-generation and youth with at least one migrant parent. The reference category is ‘native’ youth.

Source: MO-TRAYL survey 2018–2020.