The cost of warfarin treatment for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in Russia from a collective perspective

Figures & data

Figure 1. Physician reported reasons for why patients were not currently stable or were considered to be poorly managed on VKA treatment. VKA: vitamin K antagonist.

Table 1. Patient demographics and baseline characteristics.

	CRF sample (n = 400)
Mean age (SD)	63.2 (10.9)
Gender (n, % male)	188 (47.0%)
Mean body mass index (BMI) (SD)	27.4 (4.5)
Employment status
Working full time	128 (32.0%)
Working part time	46 (11.5%)
Unemployed/not working^a	21 (5.3%)
Retired^a	204 (51.0%)
Don’t know	1 (0.3%)
Smoking status
Current smoker	77 (19.3%)
Ex-smoker	117 (29.3%)
Never smoked	205 (51.3%)
Don’t know	1 (0.3%)
NVAF classification
Paroxysmal	154 (38.5%)
Persistent	76 (19.0%)
Permanent	169 (42.3%)
Don’t know	1 (0.3%)
Mean years since diagnosis (SD)	3.9 (3.3)
Mean CHA2DS2-VASc score (SD)	2.9 (1.8)
Mean HAS-BLED score (SD)	2.0 (1.2)
Mean Charlson comorbidity index score (SD)	1.1 (1.6)

^a Of these, 11 (4.9%) were unemployed or not working as a result of VKA treatment according to the physician.

BMI: body mass index; CHA₂DS₂-VASc score: congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, age, sex category; CRF: case report form; HAS-BLED scores: hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history; Charlson Comorbidity index (total scores based on the presence of 19 comorbidities, weighted according to their association with mortality); NVAF: non-valvular atrial fibrillation; SD: standard deviation.

Figure 2. INR monitoring pathway for patients. INR: International normalized ratio.

Table 2. Direct medical costs associated with the first 12 months of VKA treatment

Component	USD
Drug costs, mean (SD)	27.9 (7.2)
INR test costs, mean (SD)	16.2 (11.6)
Consultation costs, mean (SD)	106.9 (78.5)
Total costs, mean (SD)	151.1 (89.0)

INR: international normalized ratio; SD: standard deviation; USD: United States dollars; VKA: vitamin K antagonist.

Table 3. Direct non-medical costs associated with the first 12 months of VKA treatment.

Component	USD
Meal/drinks costs, mean (SD)	9.4 (28.0)
Transport costs, mean (SD)	11.0 (28.5)
Other expenses costs, mean (SD)	4.4 (17.5)
Total costs, mean (SD)	22.9 (47.4)

SD: standard deviation; USD: United states dollars; VKA: vitamin K antagonist.

Table 4. Indirect non-medical costs associated with the first 12 months of VKA treatment.

Component	USD
Worktime loss for employed patients, mean (SD)	186.9 (295.6)
Worktime loss for unemployed/retired patients (due to VKA)*	4,458.3 (1,215.9)
Opportunity loss for patients not working (not due to VKA)	16.1 (14.2)
Worktime/opportunity loss for non-professional caregivers	34.7 (154.1)
Total costs	275.6 (858.5)

SD: standard deviation; USD: United States dollars; VKA: vitamin K antagonist treatment.

* Applicable for n = 10 patients only (median value).

Table 5. GLM exploring variables associated with direct medical costs.

Confounder	Coefficient (exponentiated)	p-value	95% Confidence interval
Age (years)	0.996	.310	0.988–1.004
Sex
Female	1.000
Male	1.048	.600	0.880–1.249
BMI (kg/m^2)	1.015	.063	0.999–1.031
Smoking status
Current smoker	1.000
Ex-smoker	0.929	.469	0.760–1.135
Never smoked	1.015	.891	0.820–1.256
Disease duration (years)	1.007	.458	0.988–1.028
Time to stability of INR levels  (weeks)	1.001	.772	0.996–1.005
CHA2DS2-VASc	1.063	.068	0.996–1.134
HAS-BLED	1.029	.495	0.948–1.117
Charlson’s Comorbidity Index	0.999	.984	0.934–1.069

GLM: general linear model; BMI: body mass index; CHA₂DS₂-VASc score: congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, age, sex category; Charlson’s Comorbidity index (total scores based on the presence of 19 comorbidities, weighted according to their association with mortality); HAS-BLED scores (hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history).