Understanding the economic burden of heart failure in China: impact on disease management and resource utilization

Figures & data

Figure 1. Sample selection.

Table 1. Patient demographics.

Variable	n (%)
n	7,847
Age
Mean (SD)	70.16 (13.08)
<50	544 (6.93)
50–59	1,072 (13.66)
60–69	1,672 (21.31)
70–79	2,466 (31.43)
≥80	2,092 (26.66)
≥65	5,414 (69.00)
Gender
Male	3,986 (50.80)
Female	3,861 (49.20)
City tier^a
Provincial-level municipalities	3,673 (46.81)
Provincial capitals	2,506 (31.94)
Prefecture-level and other cities	1,667 (21.25)
Hospital tier^b
Tier III	5,561 (41.27)
Tier II	3,822 (28.36)
Tier I and others	4,093 (30.37)

^a Municipalities: Beijing, Shanghai, etc.; Provincial capitals: Chengdu, Nanjing, etc.; Prefecture-level and other cities lower ranked cities by administration.

^b Per China MOH classification: Tier III refers to best-in-class hospitals; Tier II refers less-ranked/scale hospitals; Tier I and others refer to lowest-ranked/scaled hospitals and CHCs.

Table 2. Most frequently utilized drug classes by HF patients.

Drug class	n (%) (n = 7,847)
Antibiotics	5,552 (70.76)
Vasodilators	4,748 (60.51)
Organic nitrates	4,606 (58.71)
Statins	4,336 (55.26)
Diuretics	4,286 (54.63)
Beta Blocker	4,198 (53.50)
Aldosterone inhibitors	3,711 (47.30)
ARB	2,943 (37.51)
Antidiabetics	2,906 (37.04)
Cardiac glycosides	2,747 (35.01)
ACEI	2,467 (31.44)
Digoxin	2,066 (26.33)
Anti-arrhythmic drugs	1,820 (23.20)
NSAIDs	465 (5.93)
Calcium channel blockers	242 (3.08)

Table 3. Annual cost per patient by demographics (n = 1,157).

Annual cost by patient demographics	Patients (%)	Cost (RMB)	Cost (USD)
Overall average		28,974	4,199
By age
<50	5.36%	30,317	4,394
50–59	13.14%	26,262	3,806
60–69	21.69%	26,669	3,865
70–79	33.10%	30,184	4,374
≥80	26.71%	30,411	4,407
≥65**	71.39%	30,578	4,432
By gender
Males	50.49%	29,388	4,259
Females	49.51%	28,564	4,140
By city tier^a^,**
Municipalities	51.54%	35,699	5,174
Provincial capitals	33.19%	24,292	3,521
Prefecture-level and other cities	15.27%	23,809	3,451

^a municipalities: Beijing, Shanghai, etc.; Provincial capitals: Chengdu, Nanjing, etc.; Prefecture-level and other cities lower ranked cities by administration.

* p < .05;

** p < .01.

1 USD = 6.9 RMB.

Table 4. Annual cost by variables per patient.

Annual cost by variables	n	Cost (RMB)	Cost (USD)
By HF-caused hospitalization**
with HF-caused hospitalization	392	34,591	5,013
without HF-caused hospitalization	293	28,795	4,173
By HF-caused readmission**
with HF-caused readmission	149	43,211	6,262
without HF-caused readmission	243	29,306	4,247
By Comorbidity**
without comorbidity	160	23,110	3,349
with 1 comorbidity	280	24,138	3,498
with 2 comorbidities	419	26,149	3,790
with ≥3 comorbidities	298	40,639	5,890

* p < .05;

** p < .01.

1 USD = 6.9 RMB.