COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among children less than 12 years of age in the United States

Figures & data

Figure 1. The flow of selection of study cohort. ^aPatients may have had a COVID-19 diagnosis listed in both the primary and secondary positions, thus these categories may not sum to 100%.

Table 1. PHD SR: Demographics, hospitalization characteristics, and comorbid conditions among children aged 0–11 years.

	Overall study population		Without ICU or IMV		With ICU, but without IMV		Without ICU, but with IMV		With ICU and IMV
	N = 4,573 (100%)		N = 3,481 (76.1%)		N = 757 (16.6%)		N = 34 (0.7%)		N = 301 (6.6%)
Age (years)
Median, Q1–Q3	1	0–6	1	0–6	4	1–8	3	0–6	2	0–6
Mean, SD	3.2	3.8	2.9	3.7	4.4	3.9	3.5	3.7	3.4	3.8
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Age group
0–4 years	3,111	68.0	2,472	71.0	410	54.2	24	70.6	205	68.1
5–11 years	1,462	32.0	1,009	29.0	347	45.8	10	29.4	96	31.9
Sex
Male	2,560	56.0	1,921	55.2	455	60.1	19	55.9	165	54.8
Female	2,013	44.0	1,560	44.8	302	39.9	15	44.1	136	45.2
Race/ethnicity
White non-Hispanic	1,194	26.1	949	27.3	160	21.1	15	44.1	70	23.3
Black non-Hispanic	758	16.6	549	15.8	146	19.3	3	8.8	60	19.9
Asian non-Hispanic	106	2.3	85	2.4	12	1.6	1	2.9	8	2.7
Other non-Hispanic	256	5.6	188	5.4	39	5.2	5	14.7	24	8.0
White Hispanic	795	17.4	595	17.1	147	19.4	4	11.8	49	16.3
Black Hispanic	48	1.0	38	1.1	9	1.2	0	0.0	1	0.3
Asian Hispanic	2	0.0	2	0.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Other Hispanic	541	11.8	417	12.0	86	11.4	3	8.8	35	11.6
Unknown^a	873	19.1	658	18.9	158	20.9	3	8.8	54	17.9
Insurance type
Commercial	1,086	23.7	860	24.7	163	21.5	6	17.6	57	18.9
Medicaid	3,072	67.2	2,311	66.4	521	68.8	26	76.5	214	71.1
Medicare	15	0.3	12	0.3	2	0.3	0	0.0	1	0.3
Other	301	6.6	230	6.6	51	6.7	1	2.9	19	6.3
Uninsured	99	2.2	68	2.0	20	2.6	1	2.9	10	3.3
Hospital Census region
Northeast	668	14.6	526	15.1	89	11.8	4	11.8	49	16.3
Midwest	598	13.1	464	13.3	91	12.0	6	17.6	37	12.3
South	2,511	54.9	1,865	53.6	468	61.8	17	50.0	161	53.5
West	796	17.4	626	18.0	109	14.4	7	20.6	54	17.9
Hospital population served
Urban	4,294	93.9	3,304	94.9	675	89.2	28	82.4	287	95.3
Rural	279	6.1	177	5.1	82	10.8	6	17.6	14	4.7
COVID-19 diagnosis position
Primary	2,561	56.0	1,994	57.3	416	55.0	17	50.0	134	44.5
Secondary	2,012	44.0	1,487	42.7	341	45.0	17	50.0	167	55.5
Calendar period of admission
April 2020–April 2021	2,934	64.2	2,208	63.4	518	68.4	18	52.9	190	63.1
May 2021–June 2021	233	5.1	177	5.1	38	5.0	1	2.9	17	5.6
July 2021–September 2021	1,406	30.7	1,096	31.5	201	26.6	15	44.1	94	31.2
Discharge status^b
Home/self-care	4,298	94.0	3,339	95.9	719	95.0	22	64.7	218	72.4
Expired/died	23	0.5	0	0.0	1	0.1	1	2.9	21	7.0
Transferred to other facility	144	3.1	97	2.8	20	2.6	7	20.6	20	6.6
Comorbid conditions
Number of comorbidities: 0	2,563	56.1	2,166	62.2	277	36.6	18	52.9	102	33.9
Number of comorbidities: 1–2	1,792	39.2	1,210	34.8	422	55.8	13	38.2	147	48.8
Number of comorbidities: ≥3	218	4.8	105	3.0	58	7.7	3	8.8	52	17.3
Median, Q1–Q3	0	0–1	0	0–1	1	0–2	0	0–1	1	0–2
Mean, SD	0.7	0.9	0.5	0.8	1.0	1.0	0.8	1.0	1.3	1.3
Comorbid conditions
Diabetes	83	1.8	30	0.9	50	6.6	0	0.0	3	1.0
Obesity/overweight	190	4.2	110	3.2	53	7.0	3	8.8	24	8.0
Hypertension	108	2.4	49	1.4	28	3.7	0	0.0	31	10.3
CKD or ESRD	241	5.3	100	2.9	78	10.3	1	2.9	62	20.6
Neurological disease	351	7.7	199	5.7	69	9.1	8	23.5	75	24.9
Psychiatric disease	99	2.2	71	2.0	17	2.2	1	2.9	10	3.3
Malignancy (solid or hematologic)	178	3.9	142	4.1	28	3.7	0	0.0	8	2.7
Asthma/reactive airway disease	473	10.3	315	9.0	115	15.2	2	5.9	41	13.6
Chronic liver disease	1	0.0	0	0.0	1	0.1	0	0.0	0	0.0
Congenital heart condition	29	0.6	15	0.4	7	0.9	0	0.0	7	2.3
Congenital lung condition	8	0.2	4	0.1	2	0.3	1	2.9	1	0.3
Down syndrome/chromosomal anomaly	74	1.6	45	1.3	13	1.7	3	8.8	13	4.3
Immunocompromised^c	1,173	25.7	762	21.9	292	38.6	5	14.7	114	37.9
Autoimmune disease	86	1.9	35	1.0	50	6.6	0	0.0	1	0.3
Sickle cell	117	2.6	88	2.5	21	2.8	0	0.0	8	2.7
Disability^d	56	1.2	36	1.0	8	1.1	2	5.9	10	3.3
Transplant (bone marrow and organ)	33	0.7	25	0.7	4	0.5	1	2.9	3	1.0

^aUnknown refers to either one of, or both, race and ethnicity are unknown.

^bReported only discharge status, home/self-care, expired/died, and transferred to other facilities; remaining such as skilled nursing facility, home health organization, hospice, rehabilitation facility, and/or other are not listed.

^cImmunocompromised conditions included HIV/AIDS, malignancy, transplants, rheumatologic/other inflammatory conditions, primary immunodeficiency, CKD/ESRD, and other immune conditions.

^dIncludes neurologic, neurodevelopmental, intellectual, physical, vision or hearing impairment.

AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiecy syndrome. CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ESRD: End stage renal disease; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; ICU: Intensive care unit; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; PHD SR: Premier Healthcare Database Special Release; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2. PHD SR: Health outcomes and costs among children aged 0–11 years.

	Index hospitalizations	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	4,573	2	4.3	23	$6,164	$14,760	$21,622	$58,418
	(100)	(1–4)	(7.6)	(0.5)	($3,432–$14,095)	($30,447)	($10,885–$49,602)	($163,278)
Without ICU or IMV	3,481	2	2.9	0	$4,913	$7,888	$16,952	$28,669
	(76.1)	(1–3)	(3.4)	(0)	($3,026–$9,130)	($9,026)	($9,354–$32,396)	($37,586)
With ICU, but without IMV	757	4	5.3	1	$14,682	$21,704	$52,225	$85,202
	(16.6)	(2–6)	(5.1)	(0.1)	($6,967–$26,884)	($24,390)	($23,799–$112,641)	($94,666)
Without ICU, but with IMV	34	3	7.4	1	$9,555	$25,770	$33,684	$96,747
	(0.7)	(1–5)	(16.1)	(2.9)	($5,620–$15,837)	($54,416)	($14,851–$71,167)	($188,190)
With ICU and IMV	301	10	17.0	21	$43,279	$75,389	$178,398	$330,778
	(6.6)	(5–21)	(21.6)	(7.0)	($23,495–$91,662)	($84,372)	($88,325–$404,648)	($526,076)
	Readmissions	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
Index hospitalization status	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)^b	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	96	3	5.0	1	$7,965	$15,652	$33,255	$56,563
	(2.1)	(2–5)	(6.8)	(1.0)	($3,816–$17,653)	($24,112)	($11,617–$75,017)	($72,020)
Without ICU or IMV	74	3	4.6	0	$6,811	$12,469	$27,282	$50,108
	(2.1)	(2–4)	(6.7)	(0)	($3,505–$10,760)	($21,407)	($11,077–$55,325)	($65,677)
With ICU, but without IMV	16	3	5.1	1	$12,234	$19,443	$36,713	$50,059
	(2.1)	(2–7.5)	(4.5)	(6.3)	($4,071–$23,383)	($24,594)	($11,036–$73,571)	($51,910)
Without ICU, but with IMV	1	4	4.0	0	$15,614	$15,614	$92,917	$92,917
	(2.9)	–	–	(0)	–	–	–	–
With ICU and IMV	5	4	11.6	0	$20,911	$42,482	$123,614	$165,632
	(1.7)	(3–23)	(12.4)	(0)	($10,983–$75,091)	($40,564)	($80,954–$242,950)	($134,993)

^aAmong patients with validated costs >$0 (N = 3,782 for index hospitalizations; N = 81 for readmissions).

^bPercentage among those with COVID-19-associated index hospitalizations, overall and stratified by the 4 COVID-19 disease progression states.

ICU: Intenstive care unit; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; LOS: Length of stay; PHD SR: Premier Healthcare Database Special Release; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 3. PHD SR: Health outcomes and costs among children aged 0–4 years.

	Index hospitalizations	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	3,111	2	4.1	14	$5,157	$12,379	$17,403	$49,544
	(100)	(1–4)	(8.1)	(0.5)	($3,131–$10,941)	($27,941)	($9,671–$37,896)	($169,375)
Without ICU or IMV	2,472	2	2.6	0	$4,379	$6,653	$14,982	$23,717
	(79.5)	(1–3)	(2.5)	(0)	($2,756–$7,540)	($7,429)	($8,418–$26,914)	($32,935)
With ICU, but without IMV	410	3	5.2	0	$11,294	$18,446	$38,975	$68,255
	(13.2)	(2–6)	(5.9)	(0)	($5,518–$22,768)	($25,141)	($18,743–$85,922)	($89,314)
Without ICU, but with IMV	24	3	8.8	0	$8,011	$25,546	$21,666	$88,601
	(0.8)	(1.5–6)	(18.9)	(0)	($4,305–$14,760)	($61,225)	($11,442–$65,812)	($202,566)
With ICU and IMV	205	11	18.3	14	$35,536	$68,473	$166,814	$318,975
	(6.6)	(4–23)	(24.0)	(6.8)	($17,613–$89,591)	($78,343)	($63,734–$357,483)	($567,167)
	Readmissions	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
Index hospitalization status	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)^b	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	59	3	5.4	0	$8,260	$18,047	$35,133	$66,684
	(1.9)	(2–5)	(7.6)	(0)	($3,486–$18,483)	($29,785)	($12,241–$87,309)	($86,544)
Without ICU or IMV	48	3	4.9	0	$4,908	$13,574	$27,914	$56,918
	(1.9)	(1.5–5)	(7.2)	(0)	($2,961–$12,328)	($25,849)	($10,855–$75,017)	($77,371)
With ICU, but without IMV	5	3	4.2	0	$9,012	$29,478	$23,220	$56,241
	(1.2)	(2–3)	(4.4)	(0)	($4,869–$54,087)	($44,413)	($12,803–$35,133)	($79,687)
Without ICU, but with IMV	1	4	4	0	$15,614	$15,614	$92,917	$92,917
	(4.2)	–	–	(0)	–	–	–	–
With ICU and IMV	5	4	11.6	0	$20,911	$42,482	$123,614	$165,632
	(2.4)	(3–23)	(12.4)	(0)	($10,983–$75,091)	($40,564)	($80,954–$242,950)	($134,993)

^aAmong patients with validated costs >$0 (N = 2,574 for index hospitalizations; N = 47 for readmissions).

^bPercentage among those with COVID-19-associated index hospitalizations, overall and stratified by the 4 COVID-19 disease progression states.

ICU: Intenstive care unit; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; LOS: Length of stay; PHD SR: Premier Healthcare Database Special Release; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 4. PHD SR: Health outcomes and costs among children aged 5–11 years.

	Index hospitalizations	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	1,462	3	4.7	9	$9,729	$19,835	$34,227	$77,304
	(100)	(2–6)	(6.6)	(0.6)	($4,765–$21,203)	($34,669)	($16,799–$83,631)	($147,771)
Without ICU or IMV	1,009	2	3.5	0	$7,075	$10,915	$25,700	$40,800
	(69.0)	(1–4)	(4.9)	(0)	($3,755–$13,439)	($11,538)	($12,716–$49,342)	($44,841)
With ICU, but without IMV	347	5	5.4	1	$19,653	$25,727	$68,604	$105,226
	(23.7)	(3–7)	(4.1)	(0.3)	($11,202–$33,921)	($22,838)	($32,242–$148,594)	($97,000)
Without ICU, but with IMV	10	3	4.1	1	$12,207	$26,332	$40,550	$116,300
	(0.7)	(1–5)	(3.9)	(10.0)	($8,707–$25,759)	($35,301)	($31,869–$183,814)	($156,185)
With ICU and IMV	96	9	14.3	7	$56,578	$89,392	$195,697	$355,984
	(6.6)	(6–16)	(15.3)	(7.3)	($35,916–$93,575)	($94,391)	($113,701–$465,686)	($426,922)
	Readmissions	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
Index hospitalization status	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)^b	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	37	3	4.5	1	$7,780	$12,341	$28,145	$40,424
	(2.5)	(2–5)	(5.4)	(2.7)	($4,544–$17,653)	($12,382)	($9,874–$52,692)	($34,426)
Without ICU or IMV	26	3	4.1	0	$6,965	$10,690	$27,282	$37,536
	(2.6)	(2–3)	(5.7)	(0)	($4,544–$10,631)	($11,410)	($11,077–$52,218)	($32,982)
With ICU, but without IMV	11	5	5.5	1	$12,234	$15,793	$45,034	$47,249
	(3.2)	(2–8)	(4.7)	(9.1)	($4,071–$23,383)	($14,147)	($9,533–$93,515)	($38,394)
Without ICU, but with IMV	0			0
	(0)	–	–	(0)	–	–	–	–
With ICU and IMV	0			0
	(0)	–	–	(0)	–	–	–	–

^aAmong patients with validated costs >$0 (N = 1,208 for index hospitalizations; N = 34 for readmissions).

^bPercentage among those with COVID-19-associated index hospitalizations, overall and stratified by the 4 COVID-19 disease progression states.

ICU: Intenstive care unit; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; LOS: Length of stay; PHD SR: Premier Healthcare Database Special Release; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile; SD: Standard deviation.

Figure 2. PHD SR database: Frequency of index hospitalizations by calendar month of children aged 0–11 years.

Table 5. PHD SR: Index hospitalization outcomes by calendar period among children aged 0–11 years.

	Index hospitalizations: Apr 2020–Apr 2021	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	2,934	2	4.5	16	$6,357	$16,122	$21,580	$63,517
	(100)	(1–4)	(8.8)	(0.5)	($3,526–$15,097)	($33,929)	($10,954–$52,526)	($191,028)
Without ICU or IMV	2,208	2	2.9	0	$5,030	$8,251	$16,771	$29,147
	(75.3)	(1–3)	(3.9)	(0)	($3,077–$9,925)	($9,547)	($9,185–$31,866)	($40,523)
With ICU, but without IMV	518	4	5.5	1	$16,955	$24,011	$57,153	$92,237
	(17.7)	(2–7)	(5.5)	(0.2)	($7,264–$31,260)	($26,871)	($24,729–$123,673)	($99,885)
Without ICU, but with IMV	18	2.5	8.1	1	$9,031	$36,145	$33,737	$131,426
	(0.6)	(1–4)	(21.1)	(5.6)	($7,255–$24,144)	($72,751)	($16,940–$71,167)	($249,691)
With ICU and IMV	190	11	19.5	14	$49,780	$86,470	$192,176	$378,204
	(6.5)	(5–23)	(25.6)	(7.4)	($25,282-$113,345)	($94,344)	($97,270–$436,204)	($631,009)
	Index hospitalizations: May–Jun 2021	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)^b	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	233	2	4.1	1	$7,449	$14,137	$24,386	$52,363
	(100)	(1–4)	(6.3)	(0.4)	($3,727–$14,512)	($27,992)	($12,451–$46,319)	($106,881)
Without ICU or IMV	177	2	2.8	0	$6,280	$8,729	$20,624	$28,014
	(76.0)	(1–3)	(2.3)	(0)	($3,368–$10,030)	($8,385)	($10,494–$32,523)	($27,747)
With ICU, but without IMV	38	4	4.8	0	$15,493	$19,807	$47,885	$79,105
	(16.3)	(2–6)	(4.6)	(0)	($7,334–$27,061)	($17,564)	($23,945–$117,496)	($87,129)
Without ICU, but with IMV	1	3	3.0	0	$2,296	$2,296	$5,517	$5,517
	(0.4)	–	–	(0)	–	–	–	–
With ICU and IMV	17	10	15.8	1	$22,949	$61,482	$119,519	$248,860
	(7.3)	(4–24)	(17.5)	(5.9)	($12,351–$97,982)	($87,909)	($51,844–$301,279)	($300,329)
	Index hospitalizations: Jul-Sep 2021	Hospital LOS, days		In-hospital mortality	Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
	N	Median	Mean	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	1,406	2	3.8	6	$5,433	$11,202	$21,233	$48,783
	(100)	(1–4)	(4.5)	(0.4)	($3,187–$11,441)	($18,268)	($10,726–$46,341)	($92,388)
Without ICU or IMV	1,096	2	2.8	0	$4,412	$6,738	$17,093	$27,812
	(78.0)	(1–3)	(2.5)	(0)	($2,790–$7,772)	($7,501)	($9,445–$33,087)	($32,479)
With ICU, but without IMV	201	4	4.8	0	$11,585	$14,971	$42,663	$68,225
	(14.3)	(2–6)	(4.3)	(0)	($6,390–$18,273)	($14,327)	($20,754–$90,460)	($79,088)
Without ICU, but with IMV	15	3	6.9	0	$11,095	$14,758	$33,934	$61,216
	(1.1)	(2–11)	(8.0)	(0)	($5,620–$14,760)	($14,240)	($13,713–$92,454)	($65,426)
With ICU and IMV	94	9	12.2	6	$35,497	$51,173	$172,002	$249,734
	(6.7)	(5–17)	(9.7)	(6.4)	($20,345–$73,567)	($43,262)	($74,690–$343,065)	($235,784)

^aAmong patients with validated costs >$0.

^bPercentage among those with COVID-19-associated index hospitalizations, overall and stratified by the 4 COVID-19 disease progression states.

ICU: Intenstive care unit; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; LOS: Length of stay; PHD SR: Premier Healthcare Database Special Release; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 6. PHD SR: Readmission outcomes by calendar period among children aged 0–11 years.

Index hospitalization status	Index hospitalizations: Apr 2020–Apr 2021	Hospital LOS, days		Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	70	3	5.6	$8,260	$17,543	$35,999	$62,834
N = 2,934	(2.4)	(2–5)	(7.8)	($4,005–$18,483)	($27,090)	($10,345–$87,309)	($81,172)
Without ICU or IMV	51	3	5.0	$6,964	$13,555	$26,824	$54,737
N = 2,208	(2.3)	(1–4)	(7.9)	($3,486–$10,644)	($24,868)	($9,351–$71,001)	($75,877)
With ICU, but without IMV	14	4	5.5	$12,263	$20,603	$41,664	$55,615
N = 518	(2.7)	(2–8)	(4.7)	($5,375–$23,383)	($25,093)	($12,241–$93,515)	($53,318)
Without ICU, but with IMV	0	–	–	–	–	–	–
N = 18	(0)
With ICU and IMV	5	4	11.6	$20,911	$42,482	$123,614	$165,632
N = 190	(2.6)	(3–23)	(12.4)	($10,983–$75,091)	($40,564)	($80,954–$242,950)	($134,993)
	Index hospitalizations: May 2021–Jun 2021	Hospital LOS, days		Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
Index hospitalization status	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	4	2	3.3	$10,756	$13,331	$17,305	$45,310
N = 233	(1.7)	(1.5–5)	(3.2)	($5,156–$24,081)	($9,722)	($10,792–$79,828)	(63,020)
Without ICU or IMV	4	2	3.3	$10,756	$13,331	$17,305	$45,310
N = 177	(2.3)	(1.5–5)	(3.2)	($5,156–$24,081)	($9,722)	($10,792–$79,828)	(63,020)
With ICU, but without IMV	0	–	–	–	–	–	–
N = 38	(0)
Without ICU, but with IMV	0	–	–	–	–	–	–
N = 1	(0)
With ICU and IMV	0
N = 17	(0)	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Index hospitalizations: Jul 2021–Sep 2021	Hospital LOS, days		Hospital costs^a		Hospital charges
Index hospitalization status	N	Median	Mean	Median	Mean	Median	Mean
	(%)^b	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)	(Q1–Q3)	(SD)
All inpatient admissions	22	3	3.6	$4,544	$9,274	$34,485	$38,656
N = 1,406	(1.6)	(2–5)	(2.5)	($3,204–$10,765)	($9,229)	($17,703–$52,692)	($27,520)
Without ICU or IMV	19	3	3.7	$4,544	$9,256	$37,594	$38,694
N = 1,096	(1.7)	(2–5)	(2.6)	($3,034–$10,765)	($9,584)	($19,696–$52,692)	($25,214)
With ICU, but without IMV	2	2	2	$3,204	$3,204	$11,168	$11,168
N = 201	(1.0)	(2–2)	(0)	–	–	($9,533–$12,803)	($2,312)
Without ICU, but with IMV	1	4	4	$15,614	$15,614	$92,917	$92,917
N = 15	(6.7)	–	–	–	–	–	–
With ICU and IMV	0
N = 94	(0)	–	–	–	–	–	–

^aAmong patients with validated costs >$0.

^bPercentage among those with COVID-19-associated index hospitalizations, overall and stratified by the 4 COVID-19 disease progression states.

ICU: Intenstive care unit; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; LOS: Length of stay; PHD SR: Premier Healthcare Database Special Release; Q1: First quartile; Q3: Third quartile; SD: Standard deviation.

Data availability statement

Data generated or analyzed during this study are available upon request.