https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-1152
Figures & data
Table 1. Inclusion/exclusion criteria for study selection.
Figure 1. Distribution of publications based on (a) Cost type (direct vs indirect); (b) Key cost components of interest; (c) Key drivers of cost (disease stage and negative symptoms). †Cost for all schizophrenia population (disease stage and/symptom profile not specified). *Sample size reported in one study only & not reported in other studies. **All studies reported direct costs. ***Two studies reported direct cost and one reported indirect costs for suicide ††Costs by specific stage of schizophrenia (e.g., relapsed, stable/chronic etc.) – all studies reported direct costs except one study from Japan which reported indirect cost. #The EPSILON study (Knapp 2002)Citation42 reports combined costs for the five European countries for two groups: patients with negative symptoms (N = 250) vs. w/o negative symptoms (N = 153) including UK (N = 84; patients with negative symptoms = 50), Spain (N = 100; patients with negative symptoms = 69), Italy (N = 107; patients with negative symptoms = 52), The Netherlands and Denmark. Abbreviations. n, number of studies reporting data for given cost category and country; N, sample size; NR, not reported; SCZ, schizophrenia; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States.
Figure 2. Characterization of the economic burden of schizophrenia. Schematic devised based on cost components presented in individual publications included in this review. *Includes costs of adverse events. **Incarceration, judicial & legal services, police protection; some studies consider these components under indirect costs. ***Some studies consider suicide under direct costs. #Includes costs for both patients and caregivers. Abbreviations. HC, healthcare; HCP, healthcare professional.
Figure 3. Total per patient per year costs of schizophrenia across countries. All costs quoted in the original publications were converted to USD using the exchange rate for the particular years of data collection, or for the year of publication if the data collection period was not specified. However, no GDP deflator was used, and costs were not corrected for inflation. All studies providing data on total costs from our prioritized data set are included. Abbreviations. GDP, gross domestic product; NR, not reported; PPPY, per patient per year; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States; USD, United States Dollar.
Figure 4. Total PPPY direct costs ($) in the US. Costs were not corrected for inflation. *Other HC costs included psychosocial group therapy, medication management, individual therapy and case management. Abbreviations. ER, emergency room; HC, healthcare; LTC, long-term care; NR, not reported; PPPY, per patient per year; US, United States of America; USD, United States Dollar.
Figure 5. Total PPPY direct costs ($) across five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK). All costs quoted in the original publications were converted to USD using the exchange rate for the particular years of data collection, or for the year of publication if the data collection period was not specified. However, no GDP deflator was used, and costs were not corrected for inflation. Abbreviations. ER, emergency room; GDP, gross domestic product; HC, healthcare; LTC, long-term care; NR, not reported; PPPY, per patient per year; US, United States of America; USD, United States Dollar.
Figure 6. Total PPPY direct costs ($) across other countries (Brazil, Canada, China, and Japan). All costs quoted in the original publications were converted to USD using the exchange rate for the particular years of data collection, or for the year of publication if the data collection period was not specified. However, no GDP deflator was used, and costs were not corrected for inflation. Abbreviations. ER, emergency room; GDP, gross domestic product; HC, healthcare; LTC, long-term care; NR, not reported; PPPY, per patient per year; US, United States of America; USD, United States Dollar.
Table 2. Country-specific costs for management of AEs among schizophrenia patients in four European countries.
Figure 7. Indirect per patient per year costs of schizophrenia across countries. All costs quoted in the original publications were converted to USD using the exchange rate for the particular years of data collection, or for the year of publication if the data collection period was not specified. However, no GDP deflator was used, and costs were not corrected for inflation. All studies providing data on total costs from our prioritized data set are included. PPPY indirect cost data reported for France and Brazil in the selected publications. Abbreviations. FCA, friction cost approach; GDP, gross domestic product; HCA, human capital approach; NR, not reported; PPPY, per patient per year; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States; USD, United States Dollar.
Figure 8. Total PPPY direct cost ($) for previously diagnosed vs newly diagnosed patients. Abbreviations. LTC, long-term care; PPPY, per patient per year; US, United States; USD, United States Dollar.
Figure 9. Total PPPY direct cost ($) for patients with relapsed schizophrenia vs stable schizophrenia. All costs quoted in the original publications were converted to USD using the exchange rate for the particular years of data collection, or for the year of publication if the data collection period was not specified. However, no GDP deflator was used, and costs were not corrected for inflation. Abbreviations. GDP, gross domestic product; PPPY, per patient per year; UK, United Kingdom; USD, United States Dollar.
