Productivity loss and productivity loss costs to United States employers due to priority conditions: a systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram showing study selection.

Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in the systematic literature review.

Characteristic	n	%
Condition evaluated
Cancer	40	22%
Chronic lung disease	31	17%
Depression	29	16%
Pain	44	24%
Cardiometabolic disease	30	16%
Multiple conditions	9	5%
Study design
Primary data collection in a controlled setting	9	5%
Primary data collection in a non-controlled setting	38	21%
Secondary data analysis	120	66%
Modeling evaluation	16	9%
Data Source/Type
RCT	18	10%
Phase 3b clinical trial	2	1%
Prospective study	36	20%
Patient survey	30	16%
Patient interview	2	1%
MarketScan Health and Productivity Management Database	18	10%
National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS)	16	9%
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)	5	3%
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)	24	13%
Adelphi Disease-Specific Programmes	3	2%
Other database	18	10%
Multiple sources	11	6%
Year of publication
2011	10	5%
2012	21	11%
2013	13	7%
2014	17	9%
2015	13	7%
2016	24	13%
2017	22	12%
2018	24	13%
2019	14	8%
2020	17	9%
2021	8	4%

Abbreviations. MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; NHIS, National Health Interview Survey; NHWS, National Health and Wellness Survey; RCT, randomized controlled trial.

Figure 2. Annual incremental work hours lost per employee by condition.

Note. Each data point represents an observed study value for the incremental work hours lost. Some studies had multiple estimates. Median values are indicated with a straight black line.

Figure 3. Range of overall work impairment over the past 2 weeks from the WPAI questionnaire by condition.

Abbreviation. WPAI, Work Productivity and Impairment.

Figure 4. Annual incremental cost of lost productivity per employee by condition.

Note. Each data point represents an observed study value for the incremental cost of lost productivity. Some studies had multiple estimates. Median values are indicated with a straight black line.